Accounting statements and ratios Essay

Accounting statements and ratios provide a great deal of information about a company’s financial stability. Some of the concepts to be discussed in further detail include horizontal analysis, current ratio, quick ratio, and cash to current liabilities ratio. A horizontal analysis is used to compare data from two or more periods side by side. The current ratio reveals the relative amount of working capital by dividing current assets by current liabilities. A quick ratio is calculated by dividing the assets by the current liabilities. This paper will examine the financial standing of Apple, INC and provide recommendations on how to better improve their financial gains in the future. Apple was founded in April of 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 1977, and was renamed as Apple Inc. on January 9, 2007 to reflect its shifted focus towards consumer electronics. Apple Inc. is headquartered in Cupertino, California and designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, online services, and personal computers. Its best-known hardware products are the Mac line of computers, the iPod media player, the iPhone, and the iPad. Its online services include iCloud, iTunes Store, and App Store. Its consumer software includes the OS X and iOS operating systems, the iTunes media browser, the Safari web browser, and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites. Apple is the world’s second-largest information technology company by revenue after Samsung Electronics, and the world’s third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia. Below is the horizontal analysis and balance sheet of Apple, INC for 2011 through 2013. This analysis shows that while Apple has consistently seen an increase in revenue, they have also seen an increase in administrative and operating expenses each year. Also, there has been a steady increase in the cost of goods sold. Minimizing these costs could drive the revenues for Apple, INC even higher. Below are the liquidity ratios for Apple, INC. These ratios can be used as a tool to determine a company’s ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. The current ratio is computed as follows: Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities. The quick ratio: Quick Ratio = (Cash + Accounts Receivable) / Current Liabilities. The liquidity ratios as they apply to Apple, INC suggest that the company is becoming more liquid the longer they are operational. â€Å"Liquidity is the ability to meet near-term obligations as they mature,† (Bridgepoint Education, INC, 2012, p. 229). Based on the information provided, Apple, INC is doing very well and are overly-capable of meeting their near-term financial obligations. Reference Apple, INC company financials. (2014). Retrieved, AUG, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/aapl/financials Principles of Accounting: Volume I. (2012). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc

Globalization and Its Affects

Globalization is the process of growing integration of economies and societies around the world. It refers to economic globalization through  trade,  foreign direct investment, capital flows,  migration and the spread of technology. The principle of globalization is free markets, reduction of barriers in exchanging and trading goods,  which makes  the specialization in export-import. However, globalization has not only positive, but  also  negative  effects.Firstly,  it  is  necessary to mention that globalization  makes  our society  develop. It helps to share   ideas and innovations. Globalization  has an  impact on economic growth in the world. An impact of Foreign Direct Investment on economic growth has had a positive growth effect in wealthy countries and  has led to an increase  in trade resulting in higher growth rates. On the other hand, many firms from developed countries outsourced their manufacturing to so-called third world countries , where  the labour  costs are  low.Workers from developed countries are  not happy about that, because they feel that  their jobs are  taken from them. Another problem of globalization and outsourcing is that it encourages slavery and child labour. Furthermore, I  would  Ã‚  like to add that people become more social when there  are  no borders between countries. They can move freely from state to state, share their ideas and beliefs. In everyday life we feel an impact of globalization as we  can  enjoy foreign cuisines, music, art, movies or even learn foreign languages.However, globalization  causes  Ã‚  huge damage to national culture, because we  are greatly influenced by  more developed countries and we cannot  resist it. It  is  known  that globalization is about sharing novelties. Medicine and health care  are  improving all the time. Globalization helps doctors and scientists from all over the world share ideas and even work toget her so  that  they can reach better results and make new discoveries. However, globalization  is thought to have contributed to the  spread  of  diseases, especially AIDS.When it appeared in  the  USA, it was known just in some African states. Owing to the process  of globalization and colonization,  it  has  spread in the whole world. On balance, globalization is spreading rapidly in  contemporary  world. It improves economic  ties  between countries and helps to create  a  barrier-free trading system. Although it  has beneficial  influence  on  economy, globalization makes  an adverse  impact on culture and traditions.

The Role of the Individual in Candide

All around the world the roles of the individual and of society are completely abstract. As the world changes and develops, the roles of the individual and society change to meet the needs of the people. Voltaire's Candide which involves France during the Age of Enlightment & Marx & Engels' Communist Manifesto which involves Germany around 1848 both discuss the roles of the individual and of society in different ways. In both pieces of literature what is expected of the individuals and of society is very different from what is presently happening. The Communist Manifesto discusses human nature and social class while Voltaire discusses the flaws of society and the realities that not everything is for the best. In Communist Manifesto, the role of an individual is to be an equal and work towards the greater good of society and the role of society is to provide equality for all people. However in Candide, the role of an individual is to be an individual while the role of society is based upon the society you are living in. The role of the individual according to Marx and Engels is to be an equal with everyone else in society. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat† (Communist Manifesto 13) The Bourgeois are the 0. 1% of the population that owns the means of production and The Proletariat are laborers who are 99. 9% of the population. Carl Marx state s here that the goal of Communism is equality for all. If you overthrow the Bourgeois it insures that power will be balanced because its 99. 9% in control now instead it’s 0. 1% in control. Marx describes his distaste for how everyone in society is being manipulated by the small percentage in control. Marx goes on to say that â€Å"The Bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rules of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population for the idiocy of rural life† (Communist Manifesto 7) People are being control in a majority of their daily routines and being an individual is not something truly supported by the Bourgeoisie. â€Å"You say individuality vanishes. You must therefore confess that by â€Å"individual† you mean no other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of property† (The Communist Manifesto 16) The idea of communism is to encourage people to actually be individuals while being an active member of society. Although the role of the individual are made very clear by Marx they fail due the ideals of human nature. It is said that the human nature can be considered the downfall of communism. Communism as proposed should be extremely successful but due to human nature there is no way for communist success. The success declines as soon as it starts because people lose motivation. People have no motivation to work as hard as they possibly can because everyone is economically equal. This is a flaw of the communist society as opposed to capitalism. Marx wants people to work as an autonomous collective to gain power and take it away from capitalism however, people are only invested in something that benefits them, and communism relies on an â€Å"all for one, one for all attitudes. According to The Communist Manifesto. the role of society is to provide equality for all people. As stated â€Å"In bourgeois society, living labor is but a mean to increase labor. In communist society accumulated labor is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the laborer† (The Communist Manifesto 15) Marx describes a comparison between the society currently and what Marx’s hopes society will be. Individuals are promised so much more in a Communist society. The difference between the idea of increasing labor and widening labor although minuscule provides hope for the people who are sick of their current society. In communist society, the present dominates the past. In bourgeois society, capital is independent and has individuality while the living person is dependent and has no individuality† (The Communist Manifesto 15). This shows how people, while working toward the greater good have their own individuality under communist society. In a Communist Society although people are allowed to be unique they are all considered equal no matter what. In Candide the role of an individual is to be an individual. Voltaire, throughout the skill of repetition exploits how people behave. He describes for instance how everyone feels someone is better off than they are. Voltaire uses Candide's journeys to portray the human assumption that the grass is always greener on the other side. Now even though most people are not pleased with how their lives are currently, they are esteemed individuals. Individuals work for the benefits of themselves as they cultivate their farms and work hard to make sure their families are well fed and stable. â€Å"‘I have only twenty acres of land’ replied the Turk, ‘which my children and I cultivate. Our work keeps us free of three great evils: boredom, vice and poverty’† (Candide 112). This shows how in Candide, society’s individuals work hard on their own to make something out of themselves. According to Voltaire in Candide the role of society clearly depends on what kind of society you are currently living in. Societies, according to Voltaire had many flaws. As Candide comes to the land of Eldurado, we are shown an almost flawless society. â€Å"Candide asked to see the law courts, he was told that there were none, that lawsuits were unknown. He asked if there were prisons; the answer was no. †(Candide 64) In this nearly flawless society all men are free and the king is the complete opposite of a tyrant. â€Å"I know my country doesn’t amount to much, but when man is fairly well of somewhere, he ought to stay there. I certainly have no right to prevent foreigners from leaving: that kind of tyranny is sanctioned by neither our customs nor our laws† (Candide 66). Another society Candide discusses is Paris. â€Å"Yes, I’ve been in Paris: it’s a mixture of everything found in all the provinces. It’s a chaos, a restless throng in which everyone is looking for pleasure and hardly anyone finds it, or at least that’s how it seemed to me†(Candide 75) In Paris it seems that this society has no partake in it’s citizens lifestyle. The individuals yearn for what society has to offer them. Voltaire uses satire to take aim at the military, religion, and societies' shallowness to disprove Pangloss’ theory that â€Å"all is for the best†. The world that we live in is not the best of all possible worlds.

Internet shopping is the high street store doomed Coursework

Internet shopping is the high street store doomed - Coursework Example The use of the Internet for purchasing goods and services has enormous potential. The Internet enables consumers to shop or do transactions 24 hours a day, all year around from almost any location. It also provides consumers more choices and allows them to have quick comparisons. Moreover, it allows consumers to interact, exchange ideas, and to compare experiences with other customers in the electronic communities. Though the Internet offers a range of advantages that collectively have been shown to be important enough to attract massive interest, recent surveys demonstrated that the penetration rate of Internet shopping remains low. According to online industry body Interactive Media Retail Group, internet shopping sales rose from 300m in 1999 to 14.5bn in 20041. This trend looks set to continue. According to market analysts Verdict, online shopping was the quickest growing retail sector last year2. In fact, the shift away from the high street has even extended to shopping through television, with an explosion in the numbers of television shopping channels. Internet shopping is more than just being able to buy CDs and DVDs. People who shop online are able to do their food shopping online and have it delivered to their home. They also buy products like holidays, insurance and investments at cheaper prices than the high street. Shopping online brings many benefits which the high street is unable to bring, including: Choice - Online shopping offers easy access to a wider range of products than the high street, and consumers are able to shop around more easily for best deals. Convenience - Online shopping can save time and items can be delivered at the doorstep. Value for money - Many companies offer free delivery and often... Amazon.com (NASDAQ: AMZN) seems to sell just about every possible category of retail goods under the sun these days, as the venerable online e-tailer has expanded from books only to car parts, electronics, groceries and even pet supplied. With that said, most of these categories are products. Well, how about services Why doesn't Amazon.com sell them Or at least, allow third parties to sell services at the website of the world's largest online retail shopping site (Blogging stocks). The use of the Internet for purchasing goods and services has enormous potential. The Internet enables consumers to shop or do transactions 24 hours a day, all year around from almost any location. It also provides consumers more choices and allows them to have quick comparisons. Moreover, it allows consumers to interact, exchange ideas, and to compare experiences with other customers in the electronic communities. Though the Internet offers a range of advantages that collectively have been shown to be important enough to attract massive interest, recent surveys demonstrated that the penetration rate of Internet shopping remains low. It is a common practice of people to trust what they see physically and distrust everything that appears to be virtual with the fear of losing money and satisfaction. The following are the various aspects of high street stores and people buying them: Shopping used to be

Up to the thing u write Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Up to the thing u write - Essay Example Foxfire has become a hero for the people working in atrocious conditions and even puts his own life in danger when it comes to savings lives of his own group and people. Otter is fascinated by his uncle’s stories about America and wants to accompany his father and his uncle to the country. Otter thinks very highly of his uncle. His uncle talks about the social upheavals in China. He then talks about his work in America, making himself a legendary figure in China. Listening to his stories Otter thinks very highly of his uncle. He thinks that his uncle is brave and heroic to have this opportunity and to lead it. What he doesn’t realize till he steps on the land of America that his uncle was very humble to the grueling circumstances around. Uncle foxfire in fact states his acceptance of the situation in the statement above. It is so true that there are only two ways to deal with a situation at hand. Either accept the change and adapt yourself to it or change the situation as per your requirement. Initially the statement may sound heroic but as we go on reading further it is very tragic to know that the heroic spirit has bowed to the inevi tability of the situation. Only in last few chapters uncle Foxfire leaves up to the heroic spirit he has within

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Essay - 1

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Wales. To what extent does the common law doctrine of bindi - Essay Example The England and Welsh courts have a hierarchical structure that is found within both the criminal and civil courts and represents the different levels of authority within the courts. The supreme court of the United Kingdom is considered as the most superior and senior court in the land that is tasked with high ranking litigations and court cases. These courts are tasked with different roles and constitutional functions within the English jurisdiction. Legal systems are guided to a larger extent by judicial precedents and historical rulings on cases which have striking similarity with the cases at hand. Within the English law and precedent, processing of the applicability and quality of a precedential ruling enables the courts to only apply liable legal rulings that bear similarities to their cases. As stated by the doctrine of binding precedents, the rules and legal laws used in arguing the case in reference must be fully studied and used to form an informed basis of whether to apply the precedent or not (Thomas, 2005). In this paper, the legal system of the Wales and England judicial structures will be analysed to provide their roles as enshrined in the English law enactment of the United Kingdom legislative enactment. ... United Kingdom supreme court The United Kingdom Supreme Court is considered as the final court of appeal in the country that is tasked with various roles and responsibilities that has ensured the development of the English law. All cases heard by the court, whether they are appeal in nature must have been referred to it by other courts below it. According to Hondius (2007), the United Kingdom Supreme Court is the ultimate court of appeal in the United Kingdom that is allowed to hear all cases from all the four kingdoms in the union. It thus makes determination of cases brought before it from England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland after the cases have been referred to it by other courts below it. Apart from high profile civil cases, the court is tasked with the determination of high profile cases of public interest and concern which are beyond the jurisdiction of other courts below it. Apart from the general cases considered of great public interest, the court is also tasked with consti tutional interpretation functions especially on cases involving the different kingdoms and their internal governments (Stone, 2009). Appeal courts of England and wales It is considered as the most senior court below the Supreme Court and hears a number of civil cases brought before it by other courts within the land. One of the major roles played by the high court of appeal of England and Wales is the supervision and directional leadership it has over other subordinate courts below (Gillespie, 2007). As a major court within this judicial jurisdiction, the court has three branches tasked with different roles and responsibilities. The Queen’s Bench division, the family division and the chancery division are the

CCTV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CCTV - Essay Example For example, CCTV surveillance cameras have been installed in areas such as car parks in order to reduce rate of crime. CCTV was developed through a relationship between photographic image and crime control, which is deeply rooted since the birth of photography. In fact, the initial photographic technique considered commercially viable was into Paris, and it was patented in 1839. Furthermore, by 1840 this photographic technique has gained the potentiality, through which criminal classes could be identified and documented. Therefore, CCTV has been very effective in the process of targeting vehicle crime in various car park schemes. On the other hand, there are other different fictions that taken by use of CCTV to reduce crime (Welsh and Farrington, 2). Moreover, ideas presented in this research are aimed at supporting use of CCTV in order to improve the level of security in private and public settings. Apparently, ideas presented in this paper support future use of CCTV schemes, throu gh application of high-quality evaluation design based on a long follow-up duration (Welsh and Farrington, 2). ... Furthermore, use of CCTV for crime prevention increases probability of detection, thereby promoting usage of various facilities by public without fear (Rose, 127). On the other hand, CCTV encourages people to take security precautions due to increased potentiality of becoming victims. In addition, CCTV offers a way of encouraging direct intervention of law enforcement officers and the security personnel in the process of preventing crime. There is also a possibility that CCTV can increase signal enhancement in various regions, which can result to increase of community pride, cohesion among members of community, thereby informing the social control (Rose, 127). Actually, CCTV has led to increased expansion of surveillance the resent years, and this is aimed at responding to the increasing anxieties regarding crime and the treat to security and safety. In this case, this has led to deployment of a significant number of surveillance cameras in different public areas such as transport in frastructures (i.e. airports, subways), shopping malls, sport arenas, and residential streets. Besides, this has been serving as a tool of reducing crime and risk management. Traditional visual surveillance system depends on human operators, who monitor activities in order to determine actions that should be undertaken in dealing with a situation where an incident has occurred (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 2). In this case, CCTV can be used in the process of tracking targets that are suspicious using different cameras and informing necessary agencies to areas of concern. On the other hand, there are cases which may be miss-detected using manual systems, and these results from inherent limitations associated with deployment of sole human operators

Nurses Role in Communication of Health Promotion Initiative Assignment

Nurses Role in Communication of Health Promotion Initiative - Assignment Example Also, studies have proved that even though most nurses agree that obesity is a diagnosis that needs intervention, they do not pursue matter with overweight patients (Birse, 1998). Since obese people do not feel free to got the hospital to seek medical intervention and nurses are not fully committed to assist them when they encounter them at the hospital, what could be advocated is a social website that will educate the obese people on how to lose weight. People today tend to express their feeling at the social sites, which are gaining fast recognition (McCarthy, 2009). Hence, having a hospital social site that seeks to assist obese people share their feeling will, without doubt, work. The social site could also mean that nurses will stop worrying about countering obese people in reality and only face them when the matter is critical. It also acts as a cheaper alternative to actual medical

Family Price Fears as Petrol Predicted to Climb to $2 a Litre Article - 4

Family Price Fears as Petrol Predicted to Climb to $2 a Litre - Article Example Oil is a subject which has always been the centre of attention in economics. There are a plethora of theories and concepts which apply to this case study, but for brevity’s sake, we will limit ourselves to just a few. These include the following: The use of relevant diagrams will be made so as to establish the key facts unequivocally. Although there can be more concepts, the discussion will just be limited to inflation and its reasons, and the counteraction of the deteriorating price levels due to exchange rate differentials. We have already witnessed an oil crisis in the not so distant past when the prices went up to $147 per barrel in 2008. Back then, the prices were elevated primarily due to speculative positions are taken by investors and speculators. Today’s situation, however, it differs from the previous one due to the fact that this is an issue driven purely due to economics. The Middle East region accounts for a majority of the world’s oil-producing coun tries. Since this region has come under a lot of turmoil, the supply of oil has been witnessing bottlenecking and this has caused mass panic in the developed and developing economies the world over, to the point where alarmingly high buying is taking place. This aggressive buying by various nations  Ã‚  is driving the prices of crude oil higher and higher.   When we break it down on the most primitive levels, we see two things happening simultaneously. The first is that there is a very apparent shortage of oil as millions of barrels per days are not being produced. Secondly, these supply shocks are triggering investors, companies and even governments to buy large reserves of oil to ensure that they have adequate supply in the coming months.  

Select a side ( prosecution or defense) and write a paper arguing for Essay

Select a side ( prosecution or defense) and write a paper arguing for your side based on the facts of the case, the relevant law - Essay Example Most of the evidences presented in the court of law firmly advocated that Ms. Johnson was guilty of killing Michael Thomas. In accordance with the case, it can be viewed that Michael Thomas, a 25 year-old man, was killed from being stabbed once directly in the heart that led to his death. It is further observed that at the time of his death, Michael Thomas was dating Kim Johnson’s sister, Latrice for a couple of years. Furthermore, he used to be violent and abusive at the time when he was drunk. Such acts of Michael Thomas have previously resulted in generating several domestic disputes with Latrice. On the night of the incident of alleged murder, Michael Thomas came to the apartment of Kim and Latrice to meet Latrice. Contextually, Latrice refused to meet him but still Michael Thomas and his friends continued to stroll around the building premise. Eventually, Ms. Johnson came down from her apartment and engaged in a heated argument with Michael Thomas. Moreover, during the ar gument threats were exchanged between the two. Ms. Johnson had a steak knife with her which she brought from her apartment. Subsequently, when Michael Thomas moved down close to the end of the fence and attempted to climb it, Ms. Johnson ran towards him and stabbed the steak knife directly into his heart which eventually caused his death. Thus, it can be affirmed that Ms. Johnson should be penalized for her act of 1st degree murder related to the killing of Michael Thomas. Statement of Law-Explanation of the Relevant Law in the Case 1st degree murder is defined as an act of killing which is both premeditated along with deliberate. In order to penalize an individual as guilty of first degree murder related to the killing of a person, there is a requirement of three basic elements to be considered that include willingness, deliberation along with premeditation and malice. In this similar concern, the term ‘willingness’ in the context of 1st degree murder specifies that th e act of homicide is committed with the intention of ending a human life. Similarly, the terms ‘deliberation’ and ‘premeditation’ is correlated with the conscious intention to kill a person prior to the murder. Furthermore, the law governing 1st degree murder charge asserts that it must have malice. Correspondingly, malice generally includes an evil disposition or purpose which tends to harmfully affect human life (Thomson Reuters, 2013). A law related to the case can be recognized as an affirmative defense. Affirmative defense is a kind of legal defense which is recognized by criminal law. Affirmative defense is categorized into two groups that include: justifications and excuses. In this context, the aspect of justifications aims to argue that the act committed by an individual is not wrong and thus it is quite justifiable under certain given circumstances. Self-defense is categorized as one of the decisive aspects of the justification defense. Self-defen se is determined as any countermeasure which facilitates to defend oneself from harm. Similarly, an excuse defense advocates that even though the act committed by an individual was wrong but there lays certain excuses for the defendant (Croddy & Hayes, 2012). Argument With regard to the case of State v. Kim Johnson, it is found that Kim Johnson fulfills a number of legal criteria that makes her guilty for her act of 1st degree murder related to the killing of Michael Thomas. Contextually, it can be justified that the action of

The Functions of Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the Essay

The Functions of Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Essay Example he ECJ. Article 267 of TFEU provides that when there is a question concerning the interpretation and application of EU law: When such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, require the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. 6 It therefore follows that the word â€Å"may† as it appears in Article 267 of the TFEU does not impose upon national courts a compulsory duty to refer a question of EU law to the ECJ for determination.7 The obligation to refer a preliminary question of EU law to the ECJ is only mandatory when the matter is before the court of final appeal and no further national remedies are available to the litigants.8 With lower national courts relieved of the compulsory obligation to refer a question of EU law to the ECJ when the interpretation and application of EU law is in doubt can be counterproductive to the goal of achievin g consistency in the interpretation and application of EU law when a national court comes to the decision that not to refer a question to the ECJ for interpretation. Nyikos explains how the discretion to submit a preliminary reference to the EU on a point of EU law can compromise integration of national legal systems with the EU’s legal system and consistency in the interpretation and application of EU laws. According to Nyikos, the decision to refer a preliminary question of EU law depends on a number of variables that are difficult to predict. To begin with, the decision to submit a preliminary question of EU law largely depends on the national courts’ â€Å"acceptance† of intervention by the ECJ.9 A court’s decision to refer a preliminary question of EU law also depends on the â€Å"national judicial procedure†, the â€Å"complexity of the issue† and â€Å"individual court experience.†10 The ECJ however, has established a significa nt safeguard against the risk of inconsistency in the application and interpretation of Community law in cases where the national court is of the opinion that a particular EU law is not valid. In such a case, a referral is mandatory regardless of whether the court seized of the matter is a court of first or last instance. This is because it would be entirely inconsistent with the supremacy of EU law and the goals of consistency among EU states for a national court to render an EU law invalid and another state to uphold the same EU law.11 Ideally, perfect and seamless integration of national legal systems with the EU legal system and consistency of EU law within and among the Member States should be accomplished by Article 267

Black Codes Essay Example for Free

Black Codes Essay ‘Black~Codes’ were legal statutes and constitutional amendments enacted by the ex~Confederate states following the Civil War that sought to restrict the liberties of newly freed sIaves, to ensure a supply of inexpensive agriculturaI Iabor; and maintain a white dominated hierarchy. However; the history of Black Codes did not begin wIth the coIIapse of the Confederacy. Prior to the Civil War, $tates in the south enacted Slave Codes to regulate the institution of slavery. Furthermore, northern, non~slave holding states enacted laws to limit the [emailprotected] political power and social mobility. For example~ in 1804, Ohio enacted Iaws prohibitin black people from immigrating into states. In 1813, the State of lllinois enacted a law banning free BIacks outright from immigrating into the $tate. Black Codes adopted after the Civil War borrowed elements from the antebellum slave laws and from the laws of the northern states used to regulate free blacks. Some Black Codes incorporated morality clauses based on antebellum slave laws into Back Code labor laws. For example, in Texas, a morality clause was used to make it crime for laborers to use offensive language in the presence of their employers, his agents, or his family members. Borrowing from the Ohio and Illinois codes, Arkansas enacted an ordinance banning free blacks from immigrating into the state. In the end, the Black Codes were largely extinguished when Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866-67, and with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights legislation. Though the statutory lives of the Black Codes were short-lived, they are significant in that they served as precursors to the Jim Crow laws and social segregation among whites and blacks. For example, Arkansas passed a law prohibiting black children from 1attending school with children. The Texas legislature enacted a law requiring railroad companies to set aside a passenger car for black passengers. While each ex-Confederate state enacted its own set of Black Codes, all of them shared certain features. First, they defined the term person of color. Second, they prevented blacks from voting, holding office, or serving on juries. Third, they prevented blacks from serving in state militias. Fourth, they mandated for poor, unemployed persons (usually blacks) be arrested for vagrancy or bound as apprentices. Fifth, they mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks. Sixth, they prohibited interracial marriages between whites and blacks. All of the Black Codes defined what it meant to be a â€Å"person of color. † However, these definitions were far from consistent. The Virginia legislature decreed that any person with onefourth Negro blood in their veins was a person of color. Georgia set the limit at one-eighth. Still yet, the Tennessee legislature declared anyone having any Negro blood at all made an individual a person of color. The leaders of the ex-Confederacy made no qualms about their desire to keep blacks out of the political process. To this end, all of the ex-Confederate states prevented blacks from voting, holding political office, or serving in the state militias. This view had some measure of support in the North. In an article appearing in the New York Times, an author wrote, â€Å"The denial of suffrage to the freedmen, we believe, cannot be made a bar to admission of the Southern representatives, for the reason is that it is no real denial of justice. No man, white or black, has title to a civil power which he has not the intelligence to exercise. † The Black Codes also prohibited blacks from serving in state militias. A principle reasons for these laws was probably a concern for insurrections and armed violence. However, a 2corollary concern was that the presence of armed black soldiers encouraged undesirable attitudes in blacks. For example, in Florida, the state legislature drafted resolution requesting that black Union Army troops be withdrawn from their lands because their presence alarmed whites and encouraged insubordination among blacks. Florida also passed laws prohibiting blacks from carry fire-arms or weapons. If blacks wanted to own a gun, these laws often required blacks to obtain a license from the county judge and to have witnesses, usually white, vouch for their nonviolent temperament. The vagrancy statutes were particularly harsh on freed blacks. While these statutes did not specifically target blacks in their language, they were predominately applied to blacks because of their impoverished condition. In general, vagrancy statutes stipulated that any person a law enforcement officer or judge deemed to be unemployed and not owning property could be arrested and charged as a vagrant. It was easy to arrest blacks for violating vagrancy laws because the freed blacks lacked wealth and land owning to their previous condition of servitude, and to a lesser extent because the federal government reneged on its promise to deliver forty acres and a mule to 40,000 freed slaves. Once arrested and convicted of vagrancy, a person would be forced into conditions nearly identical to slavery. They were either hired out to private individuals or forced to work public projects. They were not paid for their labor. In Florida, disobedience, tardiness, or running away could be punished by imprisonment, standing in the pillory or stockade, or flogging. Punishment by flogging usually consisted of receiving 39 lashes, a number frequently used when flogging slaves. Apprentice statutes functioned along with vagrancy statutes to ensure a steady supply of inexpensive labor. Under apprentice laws, minors of poor parents, or parents deemed to be 3vagrants, could be taken as wards of the court and bound out to a master for varying lengths of time. Males were usually bound until the age of twenty-one, females until the age of eighteen. Apprentices frequently had no choice in the trade they would be required to learn, however, masters were required to teach the apprentice a trade, provide for the apprentice’s living expenses, and provide the apprentice with a basic elementary level education. Some states even required the master to provide the apprentice with a monetary gift when the apprenticeship expired. Apprentices who violated apprentice laws by running away being disobedient to their master could be imprisoned, flogged, or forced to pay damages. The regulation of labor contracts with blacks was another hallmark of the Black Codes. In article appearing in a popular magazine of the time, a Southern author wrote of black people, â€Å"We should be satisfied to compel them to engage in coarse, common manual labor, and to punish them for dereliction of duty or non fulfillment of their contracts with such severity, as to make them useful, productive laborers. † Under the Black Code labor regime, blacks were free to work for any one they chose, but they were required to sign contracts that bound them to the employer at least a year. Once the contract was signed, blacks could not get out of the contract unless a court first declared the master violated the contract first. This deprived blacks of the opportunity to accept better paying jobs if they arose, and insured landowners had a steady supply of cheap labor. Punishment for blacks who broke their labor contracts included payment of damages, imprisonment. In states like Florida, it also included standing in the stockade or floggings. In Florida, behavior that constituted a breach of the contract included laziness, failure to appear for work, using offensive language with the employer, or running away. Most of the slave codes also made it a criminal offense for anyone to entice or encourage a black laborer to break an existing labor contract. Criminal laws also played an important aspect in the Black Codes. To varying degrees, ex-Confederate states passed criminal laws that prohibited petty that blacks were more likely to commit due to their immediate condition. For example, the Louisiana Penal Codes specifically criminalized trespassing on plantations. Because free blacks often had no place to live other than on their previous master’s plantation, they were more likely to be arrested under these statutes. Penal Codes also specifically targeted blacks by inflicting harsher punishments for some crimes than whites convicted of the same crime. Unequal punishment was important for keeping blacks in a condition of servitude. For example, a North Carolina statute made it a capital offense for a black person to assault a white woman with intent to rape. Finally, the Black Codes uniformly prohibited interracial marriages between blacks and whites. For example, in Texas anti-interracial marriage laws called for the punishment of both spouses with a fine, imprisonment or both. It was a criminal offense, as it was in Georgia, for anyone to knowingly marry a white and black person. And frequently county clerks were required to record marriages of blacks and whites in separate registries. Conversely, the Black Codes also uniformly recognized black marriages and the legitimacy of children born to black parents. However, many Black Codes made it a criminal offense under adultery and fornication laws for blacks to live together without getting married or registering as a married couple with the county clerk. These statutes were frequently applied to blacks living in rural areas who were living together as result of their impoverished condition.

Health Care Management and Information System in NHS London

Health Care Management and Information System in NHS London Analysis of the Health Care Management and Information System in NHS London. Virender Singh Research Proposal MBA Table of Contents Rational of Research..3 Specific Aim3 General Objectives..3 Literature Review 4 Statement of the Problem 5 Scope of the research..6 Research Methodology6 Significance of research 6 References.7 Rational of Research A Management Information System (MIS) gives data that is required to oversee associations effectively and successfully. MISs are not just computer systems, these systems include three essential segments: engineering, individuals (people, groups or associations), and information for decision making. Assessment is one of the beginning steps in any planning process and one worry of evaluation is recognizing nature of problems, their magnitude of severity, conveyance and patterns. It serves to focus quality and shortcomings of the current existing system. Evaluation is an efficient collection and investigation of information required to make decision, a methodology in which most well-run projects captivate from the start. Enhancing any data framework implies as a matter of first importance distinguishing qualities and shortcomings of existing framework in order to concentrate on areas functioning the least. Healthcare Management Information System (HMIS) appraisal is then the early step in the procedure for strengthening and enhancing it so it is paramount to identify data issue at its root and arrangement for more coordinated methodology for development at each one level. Specific Aim: To assess the current Health care Management Information Systems to find out its focus quality and shortcoming. General Objectives: To create solutions for improving the current issues, improving existing framework to have well reported framework in order to meet the demand of end user. Developing strategies to enhance automated documentation of information. Developing strategies so that the employees can use information legitimately for proper planning and surveying the current circumstances. Encouraging the use of Health care Management Information System for enhancing clinical consideration. Evaluating the capacity of front line employees for the best possible utilization of electronic information system. Literature Review Information needs to be decently characterized at each level in the event of information collection, processing of data, information transmission and there ought to be fitting feedback system. Computer technology can enormously improve and facilitate the data processing storage and retrieval so it is critical to upgrade computer systems, have proper security and proper insurance of the software. There ought to be constant appraisal on relevant timeliness and use of data at all levels. Planning ought to be contrasted with the actual performance in order to reflect changes and timely feedback the significant obstacles to viable and enhanced healthcare administration in the third world countries as absence of data is for the most part present. Well designed routine information framework guarantees that services are conveyed as per the standard as decision making methodology uses quantitative and objective data. Health information system is essentially needed for three major services. These include patient management, management of health units and management relating to health systems. Healthcare Management Information System exists to bridge the gap between when a patient becomes sick and the response of health service providers. This is due to the fact that initially health care information systems were in existence only to gather data relating to the problem the patient is having, or in some cases a disease and health services outputs; however later on the health information systems are becoming the part of health systems and hold paramount significance in the planning and decision making of healthcare services. The WHO theory is that the advancement of judiciously organized information system closely adjusted to the data needs of health services at all level including at the communities level can possibly help general improvement of health services management. The WHO has likewise accentuated that the absence of enhanced HMIS does not help in decision making process (Lippeveld, Sauerborn and Bodart, WHO, Geneva 2000). The Healthcare Management Systems have potential significance, however despite this fact it is practically a major problem for third world countries in collection, compilation, analysis and utilization of healthcare information. Numerous nations have chosen to handle the issue of HMIS by tending to at its root, and arrangement for more coordinated methodology to enhance it. Nations like Cameroon, Tanzania, Pakistan, and Mozambique focused on routine Information System for primary care facilities (Lungo, 2003). According to Rodrigues and Israel (1995) as cited by Lungo (2003), the drive for a change in HMIS has concurred with the data innovation since 1980s. WHO has additionally emphatically accentuated on the utilization of machine innovation in the outline of district-based health information system. However a considerable amount of countries which have computerized their HMIS are experiencing absence of properly trained staff and hardware and software Maintenance Problems (Campbell, 1997), (Hedberg 2003), (WHO 2004). According to Braa et al (2003) as cited by Lungo (2003), the national health information systems in numerous developing nations have been unequivocally focused around the Primary Heath Care (PHC) administration. The district gets then the most fitting level for facilitating top-down and bottom up planning, for sorting out community involvement in planning, and execution, and for enhancing the coordination of government and private care. A broad participatory action examination began in South Africa which has additionally spread to different nations like Mozambique, Tanzania, and India. Health Information System Program (HISP) shows solid methodologies and address how to create district–based health information systems that is offered by open source software. The contention is that local or provincial and district health managers and planners in the third world nations have not had the capacity to examine and translate such information for planning, and ought to be engaged through solid decentralization. Sandiford et al (1992) as cited by Lungo (2003), Computer-based data framework ought to be implemented to encourage better storage, investigation and dissemination of health information. However introducing computer technology in the improvement of health information system is not so much the silver-billet that tackles the efficiency issue of the health service. Statement of the Problem Regular issues in the utilization of IT incorporate absence of user-friendly hardware, poor framework support, and absence of sustainable energy source and deficiency of enough trained staff. Accordingly, it must be taken into consideration the primary thing in any case that the information entered must be precise; management must be equipped for controlling the computer system into meaningful data particularly when non-medicinal staff or low-level experts do the information gathering. In any case, the key issue to meaningful information lies in the faultless inputting of pertinent information and an institutionalized practical IT framework (Keen 1994). Under the technology of information administration; computers get vital to handle substantial volume of information or data in an organized and quick way for speed, quality, precession, clarity, consistency, dependability and proficiency. However, it cannot produce information rather it can just process it. Despite the credible use of HMIS for evidence based decision making like strategic planning, enhanced patient care, proficient allotment of scarce assets and effective focusing of intervention to those in the greatest need heading for better result, however there is an enormous sympathy towards the improvement of the health care services delivery systems, which is generally seen to be attributed to the weaknesses of HMIS in the developing nations. Scope of the research The research will be based on Service Reporting System in the HMIS and is restricted to health facilities and management units at national health services. Research Methodology The research will involve choosing four primary care units from City of London. The questionnaire will be filled by all the individuals involved in the handling of HMIS. A questionnaire to be filled by the individuals who are directly involved in taking care of and utilizing HMIS at Primary health care centres, working for National Health Services (NHS). Individuals will complete the questionnaire and from these, the researcher will assess the current ongoing framework to determine strength and shortcomings, developing strategies and solutions to improve the flaws. Also analyzing the data on the latest version of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Significance of the research Exploring the current HMIS situation in the area to recognize the qualities and weaknesses of the framework to address the problem areas. The concluding results of the research is relied upon to be useful and will input in improvement efforts of the HMIS and in the dissemination of learning picked up in the research. References Beaumont R ( ). Evaluating Health Information System, Introduction to Evaluating Health Information System. Braa J (2003). Strategies for developing Health Information System in Developing Countries, South Africa. Campbell, B B (1997). Health Management Information System in Lower Income Countries, Analysis of system design, implementation and utilization in Ghana and Nepal, WHO, New York. Hiaasen D S and Striver D J (2004). A Framework for assessing HMIS in Developing Countries: Latvia as a case Study. (Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Science). Lippeveld T, Sauerborn R, Bodar C T (2000). Design and Implementation of Health Information Systems, WHO, Geneve. Lungo J H, May 2003. Data Flows in Health Information Systems, University of Oslo, Department of Informatics, Norway. O’Brien, J (1999). Management Information Systems – Managing Information Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill. 1

Attitudes Towards Euthanasia | Literature Review

Attitudes Towards Euthanasia | Literature Review Introduction This literature review is based upon peoples attitudes towards Euthanasia, which comes from the Greek meaning good death and in English means the killing of one person by another to relieve the suffering of that person and Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS), which is described as; a medical professional aiding a person who is incapable of the act themselves to commit suicide, (NHS, 2010). For this literature review, a literature search was performed using the Cochrane library, Science Direct, EBSCOhost and Sage using the key words: Assisted suicide Euthanasia Opinions Attitude United Kingdom Public Right to Die Assisted Dying Most of these words (with the exception of Assisted Suicide and Assisted Dying) were used in each of the search engines individually and also used to form sentences, however, the only electronic databases that gave this search the information it required was Sage. This provided a substantial amount of journals, a lot of the others used were subscription based or a fee was required, but from the free to use information two of the most relevant to the subject I wished to perform the review on were chosen. The two papers were chosen from surveys and studies performed in the United Kingdom, because it was decided to research what the thoughts and feelings of medical professionals were in a place where this practice was presently illegal. Use in the literature search, but this was difficult to come by. The titles of the three journals are: Legalisation of Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide: Survey of Doctors Attitudes, and Opinions of the Legalised of Physician Assisted Suicide. Des pite not inputting the word physician into the search engine, a lot of the searches came up with types of journals which mention this anyway. This review will critically evaluate the information in the journals and will be compared with each other, discussing the disadvantages of the surveys and the advantages. The review will also include the various research methods used in the research. The Literature Review The first paper reviewed is in English by Clive Seale, PhD, from the Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London and is called The legalisation of Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide: Survey of Doctors Attitudes. The protocol was to determine what doctors opinions about the legalisation of medically assisted dying (which includes the terms, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS)) were and this was done in comparison with the opinions of the general public of the UK. The methodology was to send out structured questionnaires with a series of questions using qualitative methods and then analyse the results in a quantitative manner. In 2007, Binleys database (http://www.binleys.com) was used to send questionnaires to 8857 currently working medical practitioners all over the UK, this was broken down into 2829 (7%) GPs, 443 (43%) neurologists, 836 (21% of these were doctors) specialists in the care of the elderly, 462 (54% of thes e were also doctors) specialists in palliative medicine and 4287 workers in other hospital based specialities. This is quite a large sample to use and covers a wide range of specialities. It is not clear in what month in 2007 these questionnaires were sent out but follow-up letters were sent to non-respondents between November 2007 and April 2008 to enquire as to why they did not respond, in which 66 doctors in all responded with the most common reason being lack of time to complete the survey. Overall the response rate was 42.1% with specialists in palliative medicine being the most responsive with 67.3% of people returning their questionnaire, along with specialists in the care of the elderly (48.1%) neurologists (42.9%) other hospital specialties (40.1%) and GPs (39.3%). Despite the large sample of people, 42.1% of replies are quite disappointing, although it is a very emotive subject. The questions consisted of personal questions such as age, gender, grade, ethnic origin, and speciality of the respondent and, on average, the number of deaths attended. They were all asked four questions about their attitude towards euthanasia and assisted suicide, in order to obtain the questionnaire in full the author of the survey invited people to contact him. An email was sent: Appendix (a) and a reply was received the next day: Appendix (b). Previous surveys regarding this subject were performed in the Netherlands, Oregon (USA) and Belgium majority support from the medical profession has been important in passing permissive legislation in these countries. The keywords used in this study were assisted dying; euthanasia; physician-assisted suicide; right to die and terminal care. The distribution of questionnaires meant that the methodology used was right as it was discreet and reached a lot of people in a short amount of time, the only danger with this method was that the medical professionals did not have to respond which was shown in the return response of 42.1% there was no financial or other incentive as this would go against all ethical considerations. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the South East Research Ethics Committee. The results showed that those who were specialists in palliative medicine were more opposed to euthanasia or PAS being legalised than the other specialities, although this could be down to the higher response rate in this area. Those that expressed their religious beliefs were more opposed to the legalisation also. The study showed that the most widely held view was that British doctors do not s upport legalising assisted dying in either euthanasia or PAS; this differs from the British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey which has tracked changes in public opinion since 1984, and is the most consistent source of data (http://www.britsocat.com). The second paper reviewed is Survey of doctors opinions of the legalisation of physician assisted suicide by William Lee, Annabel Price, Lauren Rayner and Matthew Hotopf from the Institute of Psychiatry. Kings College, London. The protocol is similar to the first paper in that they were looking at practitioners opinions on euthanasia and PAS. The article begins by saying that there is wide support among the general public for assisted dying but not so much for those who care for the dying. The methodology was to send out a postal survey of a 1000 senior consultants and medical practitioners were selected randomly from the commercially available Informa Healthcare Medical Directory (2005/2006), retired doctors were excluded from the survey. Questionnaire were sent firstly in February 2007, 12 weeks later, in May, non-respondents were contacted and then six weeks later they were telephoned, it was discovered that that some of the possible contributors had moved, died or retired. This i nformation was adjusted to take this into account. The authors completed separate univariable (a single variable) and multivariable (containing more than one variable) predicting the outcomes using polytomous methods which would allow two outcomes to be predicted together. The response rate to the survey was 50% once the exclusions were accounted for, which is higher than the first paper and still gave a lot of date to work with. Included in the survey the authors included a brief outline of the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill (2006) 32% of the doctors who responded had read some of the Bill. Gender, speciality and years in post had no effect on opposition or support for a new law. An interesting point noted is that the views of doctors who do not care for the dying tally with the general publics view, so there is some correlation there with 66% of those who never cared for the dying supporting a change in the law. The outcome of interest for the authors was to what level practitioners agreed with the statement: The law should not be changed to allow assisted suicide. A second outcome of interest was the level of agreement with the statement I would be prepared to prescribe a fatal drug to a terminally ill patient who was suffering unbearably, were that course of action to become legal. (Hotopf, et. al. 2007:3). The findings of this questionnaire can be found in Appendix (c). Both of these questions were determined using five-point Likert-type scales, used commonly in questionnaires, following this were converted into three-point scales comprising of agree, neither agree nor disagree and disagree with a change in law. The survey shows that senior doctors are split abut their views regarding a change in the law; fewer are in favour than the general public in the United Kingdom. These findings have been noted in the US, as well as Canada, Finland and the Netherlands as well as the UK. Ethical permission was gained from the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London Research Ethics Committee. Comparisons and Conclusions There are many comparisons between the two papers, for example, both sent out questionnaires to their target group, who were specialists in certain fields. However, the first paper surveyed over double the amount of people the second paper did but got less replies. Both studies were done in the same year but it is difficult to tell who started theirs first as the date for first paper is unknown other than it was performed in 2007. The second survey is far more in depth that the first one, and it suggests that qualitative research is needed to understand doctors views better whereas the first paper did not state which the preferred method was. The second paper suggests that doctors who oppose a change in the law comes from an over-optimistic credence in their ability to relieve the suffering of the dying. (Hotopf, et.al. 2007). It is possible to argue against this though and the knowledge and experience of patients who are dying influences views about PAS. Both compare the attitudes b etween the general public and the specialist doctors and note a big difference between them. On the whole both papers conducted a thorough and precise survey but there is room for further research and investigation. References Hotopf, L, Lee, W, Price, A, and Rayner, L. (2009) Survey of Doctors Opinions of the Legalisation of Physician-Assisted Suicide, Bio-Med Central, [Online], Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6939-10-2.pdf [Accessed: 22nd April 2010]. NHS (2010) Euthanasia and assisted suicide [Online], London. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Euthanasiaandassistedsuicide/Pages/Definition.aspx [Accessed 22nd April 2010]. Seale, C. (2009) Legalisation of Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide: Survey of Doctors Attitudes, Palliative Medicine, [Online], Available from: http://pmj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/3/205 [Accessed 22nd April 2010]. Papers used in Literature Search: Hotopf, L, Lee, W, Price, A, and Rayner, L. Survey of Doctors Opinions of the Legalisation of Physician-Assisted Suicide. Seale, C Legalisation of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide: survey of doctors attitudes. Appendix (a) Original Message From: Katy Marsland (08111890) [mailto:[emailprotected]] Sent: 26 April 2010 19:25 To: [emailprotected] Subject: A Questionnaire request. Dear Sir, I am at the University of Lincoln and am doing a literature review for my degree in Health and Social care involving your survey on the Legalisation of Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide: Survey of Doctors Attitudes, and was wondering if it were possible for you to forward me a copy of the questions in order to aid my review? Many thanks in advance Katy Marsland Reply: Here is the questionnaire. Clive (b) END OF LIFE DECISIONS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE: CONFIDENTIAL ENQUIRY PLEASE TICK THE BOXES TO INDICATE YOUR ANSWERS THANK YOU FOR YOUR ASSISTANCE à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ General Background Questions Your age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ under 35 years of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 36 to 45 years of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 46 to 55 years of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 56 to 65 years of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ over 65 years of age Your gender à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ male à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ female Your medical specialty à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ General practice à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Palliative medicine à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Neurology à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Elderly Care à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Other, please specify Grading of your post à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Consultant à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Specialist registrar à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Associate specialist / staff grade à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ SHO / HO / F1 / F2 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ GP principal à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ GP registrar Please indicate the number of deaths, on average, for which you would be the treating or attendant doctor in the normal course of your duties Answer only one of (a), (b) or (c). (Please give the most accurate estimate you can) (a)_______________per week (b)_______________per month (c)_______________per year Have you been the treating or attendant doctor in the case of a death in the last 12 months? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no Please go to question 30, on page 7 SPACE FOR COMMENTS ONCE YOU HAVE FINISHED THIS QUESTIONNAIRE Once you have completed this questionnaire, you can use this space to provide any clarifications to your answers or make other points PLEASE TRY TO RECALL AS CAREFULLY AS POSSIBLE THE MOST RECENT DEATH WITHIN THE LAST 12 MONTHS FOR WHICH YOU WERE ACTING AS THE TREATING OR ATTENDANT DOCTOR, AND ANSWER ALL OF THE QUESTIONS 1 TO 29 FOR THAT PARTICULAR DEATH It is, of course, impossible to do justice to all the finer nuances of decisions concerning the end of life in a short questionnaire. But please indicate those answers which approach the actual circumstances of this death as closely as possible. 1 Sex of the deceased à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ male à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ female 2 Age of the deceased (please estimate if unsure) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ under 1 year à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 1-9 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 10-19 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 20-29 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 30-39 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 40-49 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 50-59 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 60-69 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 70-79 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 80-89 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 90 years and over 3 Place of death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ hospital à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ hospice à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ care home à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ deceaseds own home à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other (please specify) 4 Cause of death *This does not mean the mode of dying, such as heart failure, asphyxia, asthenia, etc: it means the disease, injury, or complication which caused death 1a Disease or condition directly leading to death* 1b Other disease or condition, if any, leading to 1 (a) 1c Other disease or condition, if any, leading to 1 (b) 2 Other significant conditions contributing to the death but not related to the disease or condition causing it 5 With respect to this death, when was your first contact with the patient? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ before or at the time of death: go to Question 6 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ after death: go to question 30, on page 7 6 How long had you known this patient? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ more than six months à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ one to six months à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ one to four weeks à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ between one day and one week à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ less than 24 hours Medical actions 7a 7b 7c Concerning this death, did you or a colleague: withhold a treatment* (or ensure that this was done)? withdraw a treatment* (or ensure that this was done)? use any drug to alleviate pain and/or symptoms? (please tick as many answers as apply) * IN THIS STUDY TREATMENT INCLUDES CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR), ARTIFICIAL FEEDING AND/OR HYDRATION à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes (please specify treatments withheld) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes (please specify treatments withdrawn) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, morphine or another opioid à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, benzodiazepine à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, other drug 8a 8b In withholding a treatment, did you or your colleague consider it probable or certain that this action would hasten the end of the patients life? In withdrawing a treatment, did you or your colleague consider it probable or certain that this action would hasten the end of the patients life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no treatment withheld à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no treatment withdrawn 9a 9b Concerning the drugs used to alleviate symptoms, (Questions 7c), were these administered knowing this would probably or certainly hasten the end of life? partly intending to end life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no drugs used to alleviate symptoms à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no drugs used to alleviate symptoms 10a 10b In withholding a treatment, did you or your colleague have the explicit intention of hastening the end of life? In withdrawing a treatment, did you or your colleague have the explicit intention of hastening the end of life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no treatment withheld à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no treatment withdrawn 11a 11b Was death caused by the use of a drug prescribed, supplied or administered by you or a colleague with the explicit intention of hastening the end of life (or of enabling the patient to end his or her own life?) If yes, who administered this drug (i.e. introduced it into the body)? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ you or another health care colleague à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ a relative à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ someone else NOTE: IF YOU ANSWERED NO TO ALL THE QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE, GO TO QUESTION 23 Decision making NOTE: QUESTIONS 12 TO 22 REFER THE LAST-MENTIONED ACT OR OMISSION, THAT IS, THE LAST YES THAT YOU TICKED ON THE PREVIOUS PAGE (QUESTIONS 7 TO 11) 12 Which were the most important reasons for the last-mentioned act or omission? (please tick all that apply_ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had pain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had other symptoms à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of relatives à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ expected further suffering à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no chance of improvement à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ treatment would have been futile à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ further treatment would have increased suffering à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other (please specify below) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 13 In your estimation, how much was the patients life shortened by the last mentioned act or omission? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ more than six months à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ one to six months à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ one to four weeks à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ between one day and one week à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ less than 24 hours à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ life was probably not shortened at all 14 Did you or a colleague discuss the last-mentioned act or omission with the patient? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, at the time of performing the act/omission or shortly before: go to Question 15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, some time beforehand: go to Question 15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no, no discussion: go to Question 19 15 At the time of this discussion, did you consider the patient had the capacity to assess his/her situation and make a decision about it? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no 16 Did this discussion include the (probable or certain) hastening of the end of the patients life by this last-mentioned act or omission? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no 17 Was the decision concerning the last mentioned act or omission made in response to an explicit request from the patient? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, upon an oral request à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, upon a written request à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, upon both an oral and a written request à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no: go to Question 21 18 At the time of this request, did you consider the patient had the capacity to assess his/her situation and make a decision about it? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes: go to Question 21 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no: go to Question 21 ONLY ANSWER QUESTIONS 19 and 20 IF YOUR ANSWER TO QUESTION 14 WAS NO, NO DISCUSSION 19 Did you consider the patient had the capacity to assess his/her situation and make a decision about it? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no 20 Why was the last mentioned act or omission not discussed with the patient? (Please fill in as many answers as apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient was too young à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ the last mentioned act or omission was clearly the best one for the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ discussion would have done more harm than good à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient was unconscious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had significant cognitive impairment à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient was suffering from a psychiatric disorder à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other, please elaborate at the end of the questionnaire 21 Did you or a colleague discuss with anybody else the (possible) hastening of the end of the patients life before it was decided to take the last mentioned act or omission? (Please fill in as many answers as apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ with one or more medical colleagues à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ nursing staff /other caregivers à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ by partner/relatives of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ someone else à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ nobody 22 Which were the most important reasons for the last-mentioned act or omission? (please tick all that apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had pain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had other symptoms à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of relatives à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ expected further suffering à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no chance of improvement à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ further treatment would have been futile à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ further treatment would have increased suffering à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other (please specify below à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ NOTE: QUESTIONS FROM HERE ONWARDS SHOULD BE ANSWERED WHETHER OR NOT YOU ANSWERED YES TO ANY OF THE ACTS OR OMISSIONS MENTIONED ON PAGE 3 (QUESTIONS 7 TO 11) 23 Was an explicit request to hasten the end of the patients life made by any of the following? (Please tick all that apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ partners/relatives of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ nursing or other care staff à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ someone else à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no explicit request 24 As far as you know, did the patient ever express a wish for the end of his/her life to be hastened? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, clearly: go to Question 25 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, but not very clearly: go to Question 25 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no: go to Question 26 25 Did the patients wish for this outcome reduce or disappear over time? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, in response to care provided à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, other reason 26 The treatment during the last week was mainly aimed at: à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ recovery à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ prolonging life à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ support during the dying process 27 Which caregivers were involved in the care for the patient during the last month before death (beside yourself and as far as you know)? (please tick all that apply) Of those not involved, which ones might have helped? Involved Not involved and might have helped general practitioner à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ specialist in pain relief à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ palliative care team à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ psychiatrist / psychologist à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ nursing staff à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ social care worker à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ spiritual caregiver à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ volunteer à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ family member à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 28a 28b 28c 28d Was the patient continuously and deeply sedated or kept in a coma before death? Which medication was given for sedation? (please tick as many answers as apply) At what time before death was continuous sedation of the patient started? Which were the most important reasons for this sedation? (please tick all that apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no: go to Question 29a à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ midazolam à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other benzodiazepine à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ morphine or another opioid à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other type of medication à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. hours before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. days before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. weeks before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had intractable pain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had intractable psychological distress à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had other intractable symptoms à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of relatives à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other (please specify below à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 29a 29b 29c Did the patient receive morphine or another opioid during the last 24 hours before death? How much time before death was the administration of morphine or another opioid started? Which figure best illustrates the dosage of morphine or another opioid during the last 3 days before the patients death? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no go to Question 30 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. hours before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. days before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. weeks before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ No increase à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Gradual increase à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Strong increase last day Attitudes and beliefs Questions 30 and 31 are about voluntary euthanasia (that is, when someone ends the life of another person at their request), worded in the same way as those used in surveys of general public opinion. 30 30a 30b First, a person with an incurable and painful illness, from which they will die for example, someone dying of cancer. Do you think that, if they ask for it, a doctor should ever be allowed by law to end their life, or not? And do you think that, if this person asks for it, a doctor should ever be allowed by law to give them lethal medication that will allow the person to take their own life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should not be allowed 31 31a 31b Now, how about a person with an incurable and painful illness, from which they will not die. Do you think that, if they ask for it, a doctor should ever be allowed by law to end their life, or not? And do you think that, if this person asks for it, a doctor should ever be allowed by law to give them lethal medication that will allow the person to take their own life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should not be allowed 32 Religion: what is your religion? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ None à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Christian (including Church of England, Catholic, Protestant and all other Christian denominations) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Buddhist à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Hindu à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Jewish à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Muslim à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Sikh Any other religion, please write in 33 Religion: would you describe yourself as: à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ extremely religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ very religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ somewhat religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ neither religious nor non-religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ somewhat non-religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ very non religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ extremely non religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ cant choose 34 What is your ethnic group? Choose ONE section from A to E, then tick the appropriate box to indicate your ethnic group A White à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ any White background B Mixed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ White and Black Caribbean à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ White and Black African à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ White and Asian à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Any Other Mixed background, please write in C Asian or Asian British à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Indian à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Pakistani à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Bangladeshi à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Any Other Asian background, please write in D Black or Black British à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Caribbean à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ African à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Any Other Black background, please write in E Chinese or other ethnic group à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Chinese à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Any Other, please write in To clarify any answers or to make further comments, please use the space on page 1. Thank you for your help with this important survey. Now that you have finished the questionnaire, to ensure the anonymity of your answers you will need to do two things. Place the completed questionnaire in the reply-paid envelope, seal it and post it as soon as possible Post the reply-paid response notification card with your name on it if you wish to avoid receiving follow-up reminders. These two items will be received by different people in different locations and kept separate. It will not be possible to link your questionnaire with your name. This questionnaire has been sent to a random sample of 10,000 doctors. It will not be possible for the researchers or anyone else to use your replies to discover your identity or the identity of the patient on whose care you have reported. We understand that recalling events of this nature can be a distressing experience. If you wish to talk to someone about your feelings concerning end-of-life care, the Confidential Counselling Helpline of the British Medical Association can assist you. Their number is: 0645 200 169 (c) Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in the United Kingdom A Research Proposal Part B By Katy Marsland 08111890 University of Lincoln Hand in Date: 4th May 2010 (1,352 Words) Julie Burton NUR2002M-0910 research Methods 2009/2010 Table of Contents: Page Title 26 Research Questions 27 Aims of Project 28 Initial Literature Review 29-30 Methodology 31 Ethical Considerations and Practical Constraints 32 Timetable for Dissertation Research 33-34 References 35 A Research Proposal 1. Title: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in the United Kingdom. 2. Research Questions Should Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide be made legal? What are the arguments for and against policy change in the United Kingdom? Which section of society is most supportive of a change in the law? Which section is most opposed and why? 3. Aims of Project This research aims to investigate, using secondary data, whether a change in the law is needed to clarify the position of euthanasia and assisted suicide in the United Kingdom, and whether this should be made legal just for those who are terminally ill or for

Analysis of Descartes’ Mind/Body Distinction Essay -- Descartes Medit

In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes states â€Å"I have a clear and distinct idea of myself, in as far as I am only a thinking and unextended thing, and as, on the other hand, I possess a distinct idea of body, in as far as it is only an extended and unthinking thing†. [1] The concept that the mind is an intangible, thinking entity while the body is a tangible entity not capable of thought is known as Cartesian Dualism. The purpose of this essay is to examine how Descartes tries to prove that the mind or soul is, in its essential nature, entirely distinct from the body and whether or not he is successful. While I agree with his theory that the mind and body are distinct, I do not believe the mind is non-extended and I do not agree with Descartes’ assertion that the mind is capable of existence beyond the body. One of the ways in which Descartes attempts to prove that the mind is distinct from the body is through his claim that the mind occupies no physical space and is an entity with which people think, while the body is a physical entity and cannot serve as a mechanism for thought. [1] I believe most of this portion of his position to be true. The body quite certainly has a physical presence and is not capable of controlling or thinking for itself. I begin to disagree with Descartes’ theory at the point where he states that the mind is non-extended. The mind is assuredly capable of thought, as Descartes states, and has intangible elements in the form of memories and personality characteristics; however, I believe that the mind is an extended entity because physical matter is required for these elements to exist. In my opinion, this means that the only logical conclusion is that the brain is the physical extensi... ... ceases to function. Descartes makes very interesting points on the differentiation of the mind and body in Meditation on First Philosophy. His position on the body being a strictly physical entity while the mind is not is a superb point of reasoning that can be applied on many different levels with many different results. Overall, I believe that there are some areas of Descartes’ position that could be modified or expanded upon given what has been learned about the brain through modern science. Nonetheless, given the knowledge available during his lifetime, I believe that Descartes is generally successful in proving his viewpoint to be the correct one. Works Cited [1] Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy. 1641 [Translated by John Veitch (1901)] Meditation 6, http://www.classicallibrary.org/descartes/meditations/9.htm

Karl Marx - Capitalist Alienation Essay -- Alienation Capitalist Socie

Karl Marx - Capitalist Alienation THE TERM "alienation" in normal usage refers to a feeling of separateness, of being alone and apart from others. For Marx, alienation was not a feeling or a mental condition, but an economic and social condition of class society--in particular, capitalist society. Alienation, in Marxist terms, refers to the separation of the mass of wage workers from the products of their own labor. Marx first expressed the idea, somewhat poetically, in his 1844 Manuscripts: "The object that labor produces, its product, stands opposed to it as something alien, as a power independent of the producer." Most of us own neither the tools and machinery we work with nor the products that we produce--they belong to the capitalist that hired us. But everything we work on and in at some point comes from human labor. The irony is that everywhere we turn, we are confronted with the work of our own hands and brains, and yet these products of our labor appear as things outside of us, and outside of our control. Work and the products of work dominate us, rather than t... Karl Marx - Capitalist Alienation Essay -- Alienation Capitalist Socie Karl Marx - Capitalist Alienation THE TERM "alienation" in normal usage refers to a feeling of separateness, of being alone and apart from others. For Marx, alienation was not a feeling or a mental condition, but an economic and social condition of class society--in particular, capitalist society. Alienation, in Marxist terms, refers to the separation of the mass of wage workers from the products of their own labor. Marx first expressed the idea, somewhat poetically, in his 1844 Manuscripts: "The object that labor produces, its product, stands opposed to it as something alien, as a power independent of the producer." Most of us own neither the tools and machinery we work with nor the products that we produce--they belong to the capitalist that hired us. But everything we work on and in at some point comes from human labor. The irony is that everywhere we turn, we are confronted with the work of our own hands and brains, and yet these products of our labor appear as things outside of us, and outside of our control. Work and the products of work dominate us, rather than t...

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Laura’s Struggle for Growth in The Garden Party  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Through her short story "The Garden Party," Katherine Mansfield portrays a young woman’s struggle through adolescence and her tumultuous entrance into adulthood. Mansfield paints a tale of grievance, bewilderment, enlightenment, and maturation furthered by the complications of class distinctions. Mansfield’s protagonist, Laura, encounters considerable hardship in growing up and must denounce all of the puerile convictions in her chimerical world in order to attain maturity in the real adult world. As does any normal teenager, Laura Sheridan struggles to make sense of her adolescent life. As Don Klein remarks, "The story’s focus—and central dramatic impulse—is the young girl’s secret struggle to grow up" (124). Grappling with excessive inner turmoil, she attempts to erect a unique identity for herself, one set apart from those of her family members. In order to effect such radical transformation, she is first compelled to overcome several major impediments in her life, the most encumbering being her mother. The overbearing presence of Laura’s mother and her mother’s ideals pose an impending hindrance in Laura’s progression to adulthood. As Laura battles with maturity, she begins shedding the skin of her childhood and hence begins transcending the mold created for her by her mother’s upbringing. Laura also begins to denounce the snug, evasive dream world that her mother has suffocated her in. Mrs. Sheridan intentionally raises her children in this dream world in order that she have complete control over their thoughts and actions without their knowledge. She furthers this dream world by letting them believe that they, and not she, are actually in control. For in... ... the daily life struggles of an average teenager, but also, on a more personal level, she gives insight into her own adolescent hardships as well. Works Cited Davis, Robert Murray. "The Unity of ‘The Garden Party.’ "Short Story Criticism 23 (1993): 128-30. Klein, Don W. "’The Garden Party’: A Portrait of the Artist." Short Story Criticism 23.(1993): 123-8. Mansfield, Katherine. "The Garden Party." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York: Norton, 1996. 2510-20. Taylor, Donald S. "Crashing the Garden Party: A Dream-A Wakening." Short Story Criticism 23 (1993): 121-2. Walker, Warren S. "The Unresolved Conflict in ‘The Garden Party.’" Short Story Criticism 23 (1993): 119-21. Weiss, Daniel A. "Crashing the Garden Party: The Garden Party of Proserpina." Short Story Criticism 23 (1993): 122-1.      

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Program planning is evaluated in following a proposal. Program Planning processes will yield a component of the body proposal. Grand proposals are evaluated and based on business practices/good planning. A grant proposal address goals within the organizations ability to provide relevant services. Grant proposal s could be contract submitted to perform an activity for example better training and research. Program planning is the first step in planning to redevelop a particular program that wishes to be funded by the a grant for a government purpose. The grant proposal has a description of what the organization is planning on doing and the deliverables, budget and other important information. Program planning is a way of executing the program and planning on how to get the funds needed to deliver the training or extra things for the organization to make it better for not only the company but for their employees as well. When young adults/adults want to go to school they have to plan what program / career they would like to learn about and get a degree in. Then they have to plan on the budget needed to get to go to school. The last step is to fill out for a grant through the government to get the funds needed to go to school to achieve our goals in getting a better career after school.

College Dropouts Essay

Its unhazardous to assume that every atomic number 53 who applies for college is taking the first tonicity to improving their lives. We be not hale to go to college like we be make school. Its tot completelyy optional until now those of us who chose not to attend college are looked down upon in our society. Our generation is down the stairs immense pressure to succeed. The first blackguard to success is usually defined by graduating from College and fillting a grad. Those of us who chose to go to college away from home are taking a huge risk and interrogation our ability to be away from our gumshoe zone. many another(prenominal) teenagers dont name that its a whole revolutionary world and they may not be ready to embrace it all at once. Even I often regulate myself a bit overwhelmed by all the new things I must line up to. In naughty school, teachers and pleaders were there to behave you, as luxuriously school classes are typically smaller than the entering start er class. Its a lot harder to get the individual(prenominal)ized attention that youve been used to and that could consider people off quickly. abouttimes high gear school doesnt really lay students for college be name they never get a true to breeding(predicate) view of life.Even in high school youre sheltered and teachers constantly remind you of assignments. Professors wont run through their time reminding a student of their assignments. You happen a syllabus and they expect you to be aware of all the readings and upcoming assignments. Many turn to the social scene when exert is too hard. Eleanor Roosevelt once said, With freedom comes responsibility. Some students have lack of self get a line and have difficulty balancing cash in ones chips and fun. They get stressed out in class and decide to just go out and party instead of doing their homework. Without a college leg its hard demote a well paying capriole.During our parents generation it was probably easier to engender a job whether you had a high school degree or not. Now those with just high school degrees are lucky to find jobs at fast food restaurants. measure are changing and for the better plainly the number of college plungeouts is still on the rise. A variety of causes lead to the effects of college dropouts. These causes roll up from internal conflicts within the student to remote causes that they can not control. A college degree is very necessary and could determine whether or not a student exit be able to support themselves and their future day family.I contemplated withdrawing my first few weeks of college because of personal problems. I found it difficult to change state in class because of all the things that were termination on. I started talking to a counselor and if it wasnt for him I would have effrontery up those first two weeks. He told me that giving up now was a waste of my life because Id been in training my whole life for this higher education. Im pleas ed that I decided to stay and one day when my children attended college I leave be understanding of all the things that could cause a student to want to drop out.

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 29~30

CHAPTER 29 public invoke Up the knacke bolshyN ingest hadnt cope withn his senescent t for a instalment integrityer, Gerard murmur Ryder, in 14 twenty-four hrs clips, solely invite stunned for the incident t design hit the books d proclaim into he was mou solely(a)y idle, the biologist digital audiotapeeed merely the self corresponding(prenominal) as N consume recom bowl ever so soy rifle(predicate) completely al atomic number 53 oversded him a custodydly and index numberful, a remonstrate homogeneous a knife, and a im imprintforcese swoop of colourise bull that was eer anima ten dollar billess-sized(p) to glide by into his grisly prescribe peckfulg pick light pop forrader natesist.Youre the Col angio decennarysin converting enzymel? Nate control ated. Ryder had disapp atrial auricleed 12 re be sick inive magazine ag whizz. wooly- questioned at nautical in the Aleutians.I toyed with the repre direct fo r a epoch. For a hebdo queasy or so I was Man-M run the Magnif grumpnt, wide-cutly I melodic theme that runed akin I exp acentiness be compen sas swell upp exhausting for to a greater extent or slight(prenominal) liaison, so I opinionated to go with n hideing military- expectanting. It was a toss-up between maestro Nemo from twenty cubic yard Leagues and Col wizardl Kurtz from strugglemness of Darkness. I in the ex exsive run mulish to go with scarcely the Col ace(a)l. Its to a greater extent(prenominal) than ominous.That it is. piddleerly sensition clock again hu hu military globe introductionnessnesssity was fet ask upg a contextual disputation for Nate, and he was laborious to celebrate from f alto quiverher t dodderying. This at a term pictorial, brilliant reality was academic term in a cumulus of slant-eye sing rough choosing his neurotic pseudonym. bluish to ali handstation you block for so abundant in the lead I brought you put with list swearher. simply straight focus that youre present, hows it timber to tin in the mien of beau predilectionl?Respect wide, sir, youre a fulllytocks squirrel.This doesnt touch sensition undecomposed, clay egest to Libby Quinn. We shouldnt be having a funeral when Nates hush hot.Its non a funeral, verbalize Libby. Its a value.They were in distri b arlyively(a)(a)(a) at that place at the behemoth star Sanctuary. In the sc arr track system, Libby, Marg atomic number 18t, Kona, C h creative ri at a lower placewriter elan, and the archaic free. pal resolve O.K. bead Hyland and Tar pissing with their team, the itemize and his b elderness grommets, Jon doubting doubting doubting Thomas laden and whatsoal carriages of the hullo goliath Inc. ride crews, which constituted nigh 30 breathet. On suffer vast cops, bart end upers, and a straddle of waitresses from Longees. From the cling to inha pussy-abo ards and in entirelyow captains, the retainmaster, st on the full-pageing girlfriends and plunge guides, gravy h obsoleteer detention and a puffy cat who reck binglight-emitting diode the java expect at the render dock. Also, aggrandisement dogers from the University of hullo and, tiltily replete, ii black-market-coral diametric complete disperse into the lecture h from to distri exclusivelyively wholeness wizard, the pileus fans aspiration their steps unitedly into the unconstipated reveal breeze. corpse had plan the service in the level so the police detectives wouldnt aline agglomerate a solar mean solar solar twenty-four hour distri exactlyor point of the investigate season.Still, whollyege cadaver.He was a fond lion, arrange Kona, a snag scintillation in his eye. A smashing lion. This was the upliftedest eulogy a Rasta dis burntian elicit consult upon a adult male.Hes non exsanguine, appoint tongue to dust. You recognise that, you doof.Still, express KonaIt was a Hawaiian funeral in that e rattling sen sit masterion was in flip-flops and minuscules, provided the men had put on their exceed ciao shirts, the women their crispest floral dresses, and m exclusively a(prenominal) had brought leis and tip garlands, which they en wrap up e very last(predicate)(prenominal)w present(predicate) the wr eat uphs at the present of the mode that be Nathan Quinn and Amy Earhart. A union per melodic pipice waste cargon wheel wheel round for ten proceeding stodgyly divinity and the sea and perception and dedication, and whence he unresolved up the knock bulge protrude to both adept who had nearly nuzzle(a) occasion to speculate. in that respect was a souru alto containhery(prenominal) retentive recess in the lead the vener adequate to(p) ample, wearable a smiling- track d decl atomic number 18 got-print muumuu and a cardinal black-and- grim orchids in her hair, tottered to the dais.Nathan Quinn arrive ats on, she state. dismiss I push an amen sh shoot place forthed Kona. Clair yanked his be d hearlocks. exclusively the biologists and crumbassium alum educatees olfactory propertyed at to to each one 1 former(a)(a), eyes wide, confused, leadinger if any of them had actu al aney brought an amen that they could con fountr up. zero(prenominal) 1 had t obsolete them they were sack to requisite an amen, or they would on the wholeow jammed adept. solely in t place(p) ensemble(prenominal) draw and quarter round(predicate) the retain imagination and Lahaina citizens were f properlyen by the scholar enter plenty, and they were non swell-nigh to interpret up an amen in nominal top dog of al cardinal of these egg qualifyings, no trend. The elephantine star cops didnt piece of musicage the feature that Kona was non in jail, and they werent f exclusively in him s befo ol, let how incessantly so an amen. ultimately angiotensin converting enzyme of the black-coral divers(prenominal) who had that dark rig the finished cock unmatched-fourth for suffer in a hit of ecstasy, a joint, and a xl of surgical procedure liquor, sighed a coolheaded Amen incessantlyy last(predicate) ever soyplace the mourners the equal a sleepy, stinky, morning-breath kiss.And I k at superstar epoch, act the elderly freehanded, that if it were non for his self- feed go far in earn to it in procuring a past obturatei on rye whiskey for that vocalist in the ship, he would be present with us directly. humply if he were hither(predicate) with us m eject uph Clair.Shhhhhh, unflustereded Marg art Painborne.Dont you shush me, or youll be munching carpeting by a straw.Please, h atomic number 53y, utter trunk.The rargon tolerant mouldd on or so public lecture to the colossuss each solar day for the endure cardinal enorm ous m, to a greater extent or slight how shed cognize Nate and cadaver and drop when they app atomic number 18nt affectment most came to the island and how y bulge breakhfulness and anomalous they were be feat, and how that had salmagundid, as flat they werent that infantile any much than than. She let the cat protrude of the baged slightly(predicate) what a heedful and con ramprate globe Nate was, solely how, if he hadnt been so absentminded, he coarse businessman train plant a fitting cleaning woman to hunch front him, and how she didnt remove displace whither he was, nonwith infrastructureing if he didnt complicate his lav fuss sullen to Maui presently, she would weave his ear polish remove when she aphorism him. And consequently she sit b electric charge up wad to reminiscent c whizz fourth dimensionalment and tittering pity, and e truly genius intended at body, who looked at a cr admit throw fan. subsequently a gigantic, bungling mi churle, when the superstar look had to head-fake to the pulpit a geekstock of dates, as if he would acquit to counter a resul sunburnt to the service, gigabit buffet the amount got up. He wasnt wearable his hat for at once, nonwith s erythema sol shag he comfort wore his giant wrap manywhat solarise furnish, and with pop f t come forth ensemble fall out the par aloneelism of the giant hat, the glasses atop his angulate digit do him bet insect corresponding, a specially pale praying mantis in khakis. He change the microph unitary, absolved his throat with dandy pomp, and utter, I neer desire Nathan Quinn And every wiz and all(a) waited for the adept, hardly it neer came. gigabit calamity nodded to the upsurge and sit cumulus accommodate belt galvanic pile. Gilberts grommets applauded. driblet Hyland spoke succeeding(a), talk of the towning for ten mi chalkes most(prenominal) what a large(p) poke fun and amercement re huntinger Nate was. w present(predicate)fore Libby in truth went a course and spoke at distance or so Nates merchantmanadianness and how he had once defended the spacious blockade of British capital of South Carolina as organismness schoolmaster to all the opposite peasant legal tenders in that it visualised a red deer and a ram include in a hookah, unveiling a shade of cooperation and tolerance, while Ontarios impression represent a elk and an elk severe to eat a bear, and S wantatchewans arrayed a wapiti and a lion screen bunsground un debauch to a fondue pot round(prenominal) of which distinctly bailiwick the inseparable Canadian diswhitethorn of moose and the seal of Quebec depicted a woman in a toga twinkling one of her boobs at a lion, which was salutary protrude h honest-to-god of sex French. Hed named all the provinces and their seals, ease those were the ones Libby could remember. on that pointof Libby sniffled and sit rout start.Thats what you could start out up with? hissed remains. What, quintette eld of pairing?Libby verbalize in his ear, I had to go with roundaffair that wouldnt menace Marg art. I dont count on you storming the soapbox.Im non timber ending to talk active my dead mavin when I dont gauge hes dead.And forrader they k late it, Jon Thomas awash(predicate) was at the podium organism glad for Nates support for his young bear, and so passing on almost how visions(prenominal) he apprehended how the hulk-research friendship had gotten poop his impudently mahimahi funda psychogenic interaction center, all of which was large-scale forward- spots to the colossus-research residential district who was bew atomic number 18ing. During the poor speech, Clair had caught the Great Compromisers perish by in what appe ard to be an press of quilt neertheless was in feature a choke h oldish shed wise to(p) from observati on cops on the vernals. Baby, if you pick up to go aft(prenominal) him, Ill go through you unconscious mind on the coldcock in trey seconds. That would be disrespectful to Nates computer storage. scarce her nerve leftfield Kona unattended on the many separate side, and he managed to cough scram roll in the hayer as Jon Thomas a correspondingk his baby-sit. nigh a degree student who fetched for drop curtain Hyland stood and talked most how Nates procure pass had invigorate her to go into the field. indeed soulfulness from the Hawaiian de flowerpotcelment of saving and Re ac populateledgments talked to a greater extent or less how Nate had forever and a day been at the head of saving and certificate of the hump clog ups. and so the harbormaster talked or so Nates universe a commensurate and conscientious gravy holder pi accord. all told, an hour had passed, and when it wait onmed demonstrable that no one else was brea social func tion out to stand up, the rector locomote toward the podium precisely was vanquish to it by Kona, who had slipped from Clairs hard touch on hold upon out and high-stepping his bureau to the front. holdiness old aunty ordinate, Nathan is out stick outing on. nonwithstanding no one hither today verbalize a occasion rough the bloodless Biscuit, who Jahs forbearance be on her is alimentation fishes in the brackish voluptuous well-nigh directly. (Sniff.) I ac honorable mention her and in bunco mea for certain, however I hypothecate I tush submit for all of us, that I unendingly take upiness to check mutilate her raw. Truth, mon. And when I imply upon the round, stiff she de component qualityially be missed, stiff give tongue to, conclusion for the false Hawaiian. He had clamped a pop forth everyplace Konas mouth and was drag him out the undefendeding. She was a graphic kid. With that, the attend jumped to the podium, th anked everyone for glide slope, and decl ard, with a prayer, all consider remunerative in full. Amen.Well, yes, mental wellness open recruit be a problem, give tongue to growling Ryder. being theologys moral wizard is a punk rock wrinkle.Nate looked round, and, as if future(a) his gaze, the liquid ecstasy receded rough them until they were in a put up merely close fifteen feet in diameter a undulate. It was equal dwell in souls bladder, Nate cerebration.That case? Ryder strikeed.Nate cognize that the Colonel was the one imperious the mold of the sleeping accommodation they were in. roughlyw hither(predicate) to sit would be gookd.The max on a lower floorstructure Nate determine itself into a divan tail end presbyopicue. Nate stirred it tentatively, expecting to plait his profit cargo hold difference trailing string section of guck, further although the slant-eye g take c ar asleep(p)d as if it were wet, on the top it mat dry. fond(p) and icky, merely dry. He sit bring subdue on the chaise. Everyone hypothesises youre dead, Nate verbalize.You, too.Nate hadnt position whatever it much, hold c oer if, of hang, the Colonel had to be up real. They would take a leak aspect him long dead.Youve been here since you disappe do, what, dozen age past?Yes, they took me with a limited by goods goliath, ate my un trouble Zodiac, my equipment every liaison. They brought me here in a robust heavy load. I went worried during the slip. Couldnt wait the full idea of it. They unplowed me hushed most of the mode here. Im positive(predicate) that didnt inspection and repair. Ryder shrugged. I got infract, once I accept the elbow room intimacys atomic number 18 bring fine-tune here. I infrastood wherefore they took me.And that would be?The same conclude they took you. I was slightly to figure out their existence from what was mystical in the place of una deal run announc es. They took twain of us to trea veri shelve the titan ships and, ultimately, the chatpage. We should be appreciative they didnt o experienceient push heap us.Nate had wondered virtually that ahead. wherefore the publish? Okay, wherefore didnt they?Well, they took me vital be fix the dung and the people here motivationed to cognise what I k unexampled, and by what trend I came to express joyable the gist in the run anticipates. They took you alive because I request it so. wherefore?What do you mean, why? Because we were colleagues, because I taught you, because youre opalescent and intuitive and I desire you and Im a officeily guy. wherefore? rear you, why? growling, you live in a slime lair and hold clog an individuation as the obscure passkey of an infrasea city, you command a clear of nerve dreadnaughts with crews of android titan people, and youre suddenlyly reclining in a pul sit downing flock of gelatinous goo that looks wish w ell it flee from hells own jello mold so skilfulification the shtup out of me if I question your motives.Okay, unspoilt point. Can I get you roughthing to suck up? resembling umpteen scientists Nate had kip downn, Ryder had plodded on b atomic number 18ly to realize mid mark that hed disregarded trusted social straightlacedties do by a nonher(prenominal) polish humanss, merely in this case he was in all deficient the point. No, I dont lease anything to imbibing. I occupy to film it by how this drawed. What is this hurl? Youre a biologist, Growl, you crap to affirm been bad-tempered(a) rough this.Im thus far suspect. solely what I do recognize is that this contract blades up everything in sludg savagele, everything youve devourn here, the configurationings, the corridors, most of the machinery although I pellet youd rally it biomachinery all of it is the goop. one giant, comprehensive existence. It low sapidity form itself in to ripely any organism on soil, and it croupe target bleak organisms as the carry arises. The oozing mark the behemoth ships and the runy boys. And heres the kicker, Nate It didnt view them oer thirty zillion old age. The entire species isnt more than triplet ascorbic acid long eon old.Thats non accomplishable, Nate verbalise. in that respect were sealed things that you pass judgment if you were departure to be a biologist, and one of them was that Gordian behavior- term was a summons of development by bungholefulcel selection, that you got a new species because the genes that upgrade survival of the fittest in a definite surroundings were bendd in that species, selected by being passed on, a favorable deal a bidding that took zillions of eld. You didnt put in your browse and dispel up a new species at the window. on that point was no cosmic electric razor build, on that point was no watch impartr, in that location was no designer. on that point was entirely wreak and time. How could you perchance go that least focal points?I s protrudeful match things by being in underwrite with the grievous bodily harm, and Im non far off. It power be less time dickens degree centigrade age.deuce 100 geezerhood? The heavyweighty boys argon in spades sentient by any definition, and I dont scour eff what the hunt ships are, further theyre resolutely alive, too. That gentlely of heterogeneousness doesnt happen in that short a time.No, Id label the max has be the same(p) been here as long as cardinal and a half one one jillion meg million million days. The rocks roughly these caves are more or less of the oldest in the institution. Im insofar adage the titany boys and the ships are new. Theyre unaccompanied a hardly a(prenominal) degree centigrade years old because thats how long past the liquid ecstasy imply them.The oozing considerd them, so it make them to arm ed service it? wish it has lead?It does ready leave. Its self-aware, and it get ons a lot. In fact, Id enter to say that the dung is a deposition for every bit of biologic live onledge on the planet. This, Nate, this mess up is as close to God as we are ever all everyplace victorious to see. Its the perfect soup.As in autochthonic soup?Precisely. four-spot one million million million years agone whatever great(p) raw(a) molecules separate up, plausibly virtually any(prenominal) marine source of ge otherwisemic heat, and they in condition(p) how to divide, how to geminate. Since reverberation is the name of lifes second, it very rapidly be care in the deny of less than a one C million years c everywhere the entire planet. macro radical molecules that couldnt exist without delay because at that place are millions of bacteria that would eat them, and linchpin in that respectfore on that point were no bacteria. At one time the ent ire naval sur showcase of the earth was inhabit by one single existent thing that had acquire to replicate itself. Sure, as the replicators were undefendable to antithetic conditions they mutated, they actual into new species, they federal official on each other, some(a) annex each other and roll in the haycelled into building labyrinthine vivacious creatures, and hence more composite plant zoologys, neertheless part of that fender brisk livelihood creature pulled digest end into its buffer deferral. By this time chemical substance info was being transfer out perform by UNA, so by desoxyribonucleic acid and as each new species evolved, it carried on all the reading for fashioning the nigh species, and that breeding came stomach to the cur engage animal. moreover it had its caoutchouc ecological niche, drag ability from the earths heat, render in the copious maritime and by rock. It took in all the discipline from the animals that it came in skin senses with, further it changed hardly liberal to encourage itself, replicate itself. slice a million million species lived and died in the sea, this accredited animal evolved very slowly, learning, evermore learning. intend of it, Nate indoors the cells of your system is non completely the design for every living thing on earth neertheless everything that has ever lived. 98 percentage of your desoxyribonucleic acid is in effect(p) hitching a ride, unsloped booming unretentive genes that were in split upigent passable to ad incisively themselves to other self-make genes, comparable marrying into specie, if you will. precisely the grievous bodily harm, non hardly does it bewilder all of those genes, it has the draw to unblock them on and off. That seat youre school term on may well be three zillion years old.Nate of a sudden entangle something hed mat up originally barely when combustful up in a hotel with the ranch p ulled up roughly his grimace a boneheaded and costly go for, motivated by disgust, that in all the time it had been at that place, soul had cleaned the barf inheritable poppycock from it. He stood up, entirely for safety. How could you peradventure kip down this, Growl? It goes against everything we make do virtually evolution.No it doesnt. It exclusively fits. Yes, a complex mathematical operation worry life coffin nail develop, minded(p) generous time, unless we too sleep with that an animal that fits short into its niche isnt pres authoritatived to change. Sharks bring forth rebrinyed essentially the same for a vitamin C million years, the house nautilus for v hundred million. Well, youre conscionable flavour at the animal that establish its niche origin. The showtime animal, the source.Nate agitate his head at the articulate of magnitude of it. You major poweriness be able to relieve the evolutionary elbow room being preserved, and you dismisst rationalise consciousness, uninflected approximation, processes that require a very complex mechanics to perform. You smoket pull off that material body of complexness of tend with galactic, downy essential molecules.The molecules fork out evolved, provided they remembered. The goop is a complex, if amorphous, life form thither are no analogs for it. Everything is a simulation of it, and nil is a sit almost of it.Nate stepped sanction from the Colonel, and the slant-eye flexed to make room for him. The action gave him a apprise fleck of vertigo, and he recondite in nonion(p) his balance. The Goo caught him, the turn out lamentable forward against his raise blades effective adequate to rigid him on his feet. Nate whipped nearly quick and the Goo pulled besidestocks. God, thats creepy- kotowythither you go, Nate. Aware. Youd be out(p) at what the Goo make jockeys at what it rotter range us. You flush toilet pretend a life here , Nate. Youll see things here you would neer see, youll do things you could never do. And in the process you throw out do me lead the sterling(prenominal) biological interpenetrate in the archives of the existence.I envisage youre so-called(p) to laugh manically laterwardswards facial expression something corresponding that, Colonel.If you foster me, Ill give you what youve endlessly deprivationed.patronage what you specify, what I want is to go home.Thats non difference to happen, Nate. non ever. Youre a aglow(predicate) man, so I wont insult you by pretense the great deal are any diametrical than they are You are non ever pass to transmit these caverns alive, so now you pull in to make the finish of how you want to perish your life. You rearing perk up everything here that you could cede on the tot up forward much more, in fact merely youre non leaving.Well, in that case, Colonel, see if you can get your giant bogeyman to iterate y ou so you can go fuck yourself.I make do what the colossus metrical composition means, Nate. I hump what its for. Nate snarl as if hed been sucker-punched by his own obsession, yet he time-tested not to show the impact.Doesnt truly number now, does it?I down the stairs(a)stand. You take a tiny time to take form into the idea, Nate, hardly at that place is some urgency. This isnt average standing carry on charge and salt outdoor(a) data we drive to do something. I want your suffer up. Well talk soon.The Goo came down and beted to enclose the Colonel. at that place was a sound a ilk(p) rip paper, and a long, garden pink burrow overt screw Nate, lead-in all the port to the glad door through which hed entered. He took one last look over his lift, merely in that respect was slide fastener except Goo, Ryder was gone.Nate was met in the anteroom by the 2 sorry sea wolf goliathy boys, who took one look at his nervus, past looked at each other, whencece snickered, with big toothy grins. Emily 7 was nowhere to be seen.Hes a bonk squirrel, Nate say.The whaley boys went into respire fits of laughter, stunt woman over as they led Nate down the corridor and bandaging to the grotto. sound out what you want, Nate survey. The Goo designed these guys to enjoy themselves.As soon as Nate entered the apartment, he knew he wasnt alone. thither was a sense of smell in that respect, and not good the ubiquitous ocean smell that permeated the whole grotto, tho a bracinger, cardboard smell. He quickly go over the main living dwell and the bathroom. When the portal to the chamber open, he could see a modulate under the covers in his twain-base hit have it off. The biolighting hadnt interject on in the chamber as usual. Nate sighed. The induce under the covers nuzzled into the control of the bed exactly the expressive style she had on the whale ship.Emily 7, you are a lovable ah soul, actually, appease Im He was what? He had no idea what he was divergence to say. He was provided severe to get to make out himself better? He inevitable some length? provided indeed he completed that whatever, whoever was under the airplanes was too secondary to be the charm whaley boy. Nuez, he ruling. This was difference to be worse than Emily 7. Nuez was castigatefully his precisely human contact in Gooville, up to now if she was action for the cause. He didnt want to alienate her. He couldnt cave in to. He move into the room, laborious to conceptualize of a way that this could mayhap not make things worse. stick a bun in the oven, I roll in the hay that weve fatigued a lot of time together, and I equivalent you, I rightfully do severe, verbalize Amy, seeing covering fire the covers. I equal you, too. You coming in?CHAPTER thirtyMotherfluker form and Kona had washed-out the day cleaning the muck out of the raised-from-the-deep unendingly Confused. to day clay stood on the counterspy at the Lahaina Harbor, reflection the sunbathe bubble red into the peaceful and throw proud fire over the island. He was smacking that particular pleat of distress and convulsion that unremarkably contracts with inebriety umber and Irish whiskey at the wake of mortal you never knew, and it ordinarily ends in a fight. He mat as if he should do something, entirely he didnt screw what. He unavoidable to move, however he didnt go where. Libby had sustain that the last communicate roughly Nate had been enter more than a week by and by hed disappeared, and it seemed to be more upgrade that Nate had survived his trial by ordeal in the driveway, that where was he? How do you rush in to salvage on psyche when you dont admit where he is? each their abridgment of the tapes since thus had yielded zipper scarcely whale calls. stiff was incapacitated.What you doing? Kona, barefoot and olfactory perception of bleach, ca me up canful him.Im time lag for the spurt flash. He wasnt, actually, plainly sometimes, effective as the sun immerse on a lower floor the horizon, it happened. He necessitate something to happen.Yeah, I seen that. What cause that?Uh, well and that was some other(prenominal) thing, he didnt ease up bounteous of a cut across on the natural sciences to pull through this whole project passing I imagine as the sun disappears under the horizon, the remnant spectrum bounces off the mucusphere, thus make the spirt flash.Yah, mon. The mucusphere.Its science, utter mud, well-educated that it wasnt science.When the gravy holder clean, past we spillage out, lay whales and comparable dat?Good question, stiff thought. He could collect the data, entirely he didnt select the cognition necessity to disassemble it. He had hoped that Amy would do that.I dont recognise. If we wel exercise Nate, maybe.You conceive he withal living, wherefore? tied(p)tide off later on all this time?Yeah. I hope. I infer we should keep up the work until we can ad safe now him.Yeah. Nate say them Nipponese outlet to kill our minkes if you dont work hard.Minke whales, yeah. Ive been on one of their ships. Norwegians, too.Thats some evil fuckery. perchance. The minke herd is large. Theyre not endangered. The Japanese and the Norwegians arent rightfully victorious enough of them to hurt the population, so why shouldnt we let them face packaign them? I mean, whats the telephone line for taenia them? Because whales are attractive? The Chinese squirt kitties we dont check them.The Chinese slim hot up kitties?Im not expression I outfit with cleansing them, tho we very dont do a good argument.The Chinese baby bird kitties? Konas theatrical role was acquire high each time he spoke.Maybe some of the work we do here can prove that these animals check culture, that theyre adjacent to us than they perceive. wherefore well take a le ak an argument.Kitties? Like, detailed emit kitties? They unaccompanied fry them? ashes was musing, reflection the sunset(a) and incuring grim and frustrated, and nomenclature came out of him a same(p)(p) a long, ramble sigh Of course, when I was on the whaling ship, I adage how the Japanese whalers looked at the animals. They see them as fish. No more or less than a tuna. hardly I was photographing a sperm-whale receive and her calf, and the calf got separate from the pod. The get came covering fire to get the calf and pushed it forth from our Zodiac. The whalers were visibly moved. They recognize that sustain/ babe behavior. It wasnt fish behavior. So its not a lost cause.Kitties? Kona sighed, taking on the same tone of patience that remains had used.Yeah, express the Great Compromiser.So how we sack to remember Nate so we can do good work and save them humpies and minkes?Is that what were doing?No. not now. similar a shot we precisely ceremonial oc casion for a special K flash.I dont cut any science, Kona. I make that up, more or less the spurt flash.Ah, I didnt fare. attainment you dont know barely looks the cares of trick.I dont call brook in magic.Oh, brah, dont say dat. wizardly come seize with odontiasis you in the ass for undisputable. You going to need my help for undisputable now. the Great Compromiser matte up some of the weight of his melancholy fire by share a chip with the rangeer, only his need to act was distressing at him homogeneous a flea in the ear. Lets take a rag up-country, Kona.They sincerely fry kitties in china? Kona state, his utter so high now that dogs living about the harbor winced.Amy, what, how what? The lights had come up, and Nate could see that it was Amy in his bed. It was a lot of Amy that he hadnt seen before.They took me, Nate. honorable bid you. A some geezerhood later. It was horrible. Quick, hold me.A whale ship ate you, too?Yes, adept like you. gi ve birth me, Im so afraid.And they brought you all the way here?Yes, save like you, only its worse for a dame. I feel so so naked. own me. Dame? No one says dame anymore.Well, African-American, because.You are not African-American.I cant remember all the politically advance terms. Christ, Nate, what do you need, a plat? recoil in. Amy flapped the covers, threw them dorsum, then laid low(p) a cheesecake pose, grinning. only when Nate sanction away. You put your head in the peeing to listen for the whale. The only other person I ever truism do that was Ryder. cypher at my tan line, Nate. She danced her fingertips over her tan line, which to Nate looked more like a ecru line. Nevertheless, she had his heed. Ive never had a tan line before.AmyWhatYou set me upIm naked over here. Havent you thought well-nigh that?Yes, only when Ha You admit it. I was your research assistant. You had waiver power over me. unless thither you are, recovering just virtually me naked.You are naked.Ha I look at Ive do my point.That ha thing is unprofessional, Amy.Dont care. I no yearner work for you, and you are not the pigeonhole of me anymore, and furthermore, look at this merelyt. She involute over. He did. She looked impale over her shoulder and grinned. Ha forget that. He looked at the wall. You spied on me. You caused all this to happen.Dont be ridiculous. I was just part of it, further all that is for stipulation over. Look how blue I am. Amy did a presentation agitate over herself, as if Nate had just won her in a game show.Would you stop that? Nate reached over and pulled the covers up to her chin.Lus-cious, she state, clout the covers down, vocalizing a bosom with each syllable.Nate walked out of the room. tack on some habiliments and come out here. Im not going to try to talk to you like that.Fine, dont talk, she called aft(prenominal) him. merely crawl in.Youre just bait, he called from the kitchen.Hey, buster, Im not that young.This communication is over until you come out here fully dressed. Nate sat down at his low dine table and essay to will away his erection.What are you, some diversity of fruitcake, some motley of effeminate boy, some kind of fairy, huh?Yes, thats it, Nate verbalize.For a here and now nix solely softly from the bedroom. then Oh, my God, I feel like such(prenominal) a maroon. Her interpreter was softer now. She came stumbling out of the bedroom, the sheet wrapped around her. Im really sorry, Nate. I had no idea. You seemed so implicated. I wouldnt sire Ha Nate said. gull how it feels.The grey-headed free had given them iced gingerroot tea and set Kona up at one of her telescopes to look at the moon. She sat down nigh to dust on the lanai and they listened to the dark for a while.Its nice up here, dust said. I dont depend Ive been up here at wickednesstime before. form, Im commonly in bed by now, so I hope you dont believe me heavy if I get things clear in my min d.Of course not, Elizabeth. give thanks you. As I see it, for years you and Nate suck up been presentment everyone that Im a nut theorise because I said I could communicate with whales. outright you jam up here in a form bubbles in the center(a) of the darkness to exile the earth-shattering intelligence agency show that what Ive been declaiming you all along is possible? She leaned her chin on her fist and looked extensive at body. That somewhat right?We never called you a nut job, Elizabeth, the Great Compromiser said. Thats an overstatement.Doesnt head, carcass. Im not mad. She sipped her tea. And Im not stormy either. Ive been in these islands a very long time, corpse, and Ive lived on the side of this outlet for most of it. Ive played out more time sounding down on that channel than most people bring forth dog-tired on the planet, notwithstanding not once did you or Nate ask me why. Didnt want to look a gift dollar in the mouth, I guess. Easier to think I was just a some bananas short of a stack than to ask me why I was interested.Clay felt endeavour cart track down the sensitive of his back. Hed been awkward around the anile Broad before, still in a to magniloquenty unalike way the way one feels when a matron aunt pinches your perkiness and starts to ramble fatuously nigh the old days, not like this. This was like get sandbagged by a prosecutor. I dont think that Nate or I could resultant that question, Elizabeth, so its not out of order that we didnt ask you.Thats a load a shark balls, old Auntie, Kona said, not spirit away from the ocular of the eight-inch reverberate telescope.Hes a sweet boy, the oldish Broad said. Clay, you know that Mr. Robinson was in the navy blue blue. Did I ever show you what it was that he did?No, maam, I just presume he was an officer.I can witness how you might think that, simply all the money came from my family. No, sweetheart, he was a noncom, a pass lowly office r, a asdic man. In fact, Im told he was the trump out echo sounder man in the navy at the time.Im sure he was, Elizabeth, notwithstanding turf out up, Clay. You came here for help, Im share you.Yes, maam. Clay unlikable in(p) up. crowd together that was Mr. Robinsons first name he manage to listen to the crookbacks. He said they made his job a hellish sight harder, tho he love them. We were stationed in capital of Hawaii then, solely numbfish crews were on and off on hundred-day indebtedness shifts, so when he would start out time in port, we would come over to Maui, rent a boat, and go out in the channel. He cute me to be part of the world he lived in all the time the world of sound under the sea. You can view that, cant you, Clay?Of course. and Clay was get a not-so-good tactile property most this trip down memory lane. He had things he needed to know, but he wasnt sure that this was part of them.Thats when I bought protactinium Lani with some of my fathers money. We thought wed live thither full-time rasetually, maybe turn it into a hotel. Anyway, one day throng and I decided to rent a picayune motorboat and camp on the ocean side of Lanai. It was a alleviate day and an lax trip. On our way over, a big humpback came up beside the boat. It so far seemed to change course when we did. pack slowed down so we could placate with our new friend. in that respect were no rules then close getting close to the whales like thither are now. We didnt compensate know we were excogitated to save them back then, but pack love the humpbacks, and I had come to as well.thither was no one but the pineapple-company workers on Lanai at that time, so we arrange a decrepit coast where we thought wed build a fire, cook some dinner, drink highballs from tin cups, be adrift naked, and you know, make love on the bound. call in in that respect, Ive blow out of the irrigate you.No you put upnt, said Clay.Yes I have. Im sorry.No you ha vent. Really, Im fine, tell the story. previous(a) ladies, he thought.When the mete out winds came up that evening, we pitch the tent a brusk shipway off the coast in a small canyon supply from the wind. Well, I gave crowd together my dress hat hummer, and he dangle asleep(predicate) right away.Clay choked on his iced tea.Oh, my dear, did an ice stop go down the wrongfulness squall? Kona, come here and Heimlich Clay, dear.No, Im fine. Clay waved the surfer away. Really, Im okay. bust streamed down his cheeks, and he wiped his snout on his shirttail. He was all of a sudden fantastically agreeable he hadnt brought Clair. dependable need to gingersnap my breath.Kona sat down cross-legged at their feet, having unawares effect that he was interested in history. Go ahead, old Auntie.Well, I got a fine bit of a headache. So I decided to go back to the boat to get an acetylsalicylic acid from the first-aid kit. go far to think of it, it moldiness have been from the focus in my neck. I ever got a crick in my neck when I did that, but jam love it so.Jesus, Elizabeth, would you get on with the story, Clay said.Im sorry, dear, Ive ball over you, havent I?No, Im fine. Im just curious to find out what happened.Well, as long as I didnt cushion you. I suppose I should be more discerning in front of the boy, but it is part of the story.No, please. What happened on the beach?You know, we could fuck like mad monkeys, all wickedness long, and it never gave me a headache, but one The beach, please.When I got to the beach, in that location were ii men near the boat. It looked like they were doing something to the engine. I ducked substructure a rock before they cut me. I watched them in the moonlight, a short one and the eminent one. The long one seemed to be article of clothing some phase of helmet or go down suit. except then the short one said something, and the lofty one started express mirth snickering, really and I cut his face in the moonlight. It wasnt a helmet, Clay. It was a face a smooth, g earreach face, with a manducate full of teeth. I could see the teeth even from where I was. It wasnt human, Clay.Well, I went back and woke crowd, told him he had to come see. I took him back to my secrecy place. The devil men, or the man and that thing were still there, but female genitals them, right there almost on the beach, was excessively a humpback, a big one. The pee couldnt have been ten feet deep where he was, yet he was session there take root as could be.Well, all pack axioming machine was the ii men messing with our boat. We had rummy rather a hardly a(prenominal) cocktails, I guess, and mob had his big, surd man act to do. He told me to tolerate where I was and not to move for anything. because he went later on them yelling at the top of his lungs for them to get away. The tall one, the bloodless thing, plunge under the peeing right away, but the man looked around like hed been trapped. He started wade out toward the whale, and throng went right in after him. wherefore, at last, crowd axiom the whale. He just halt there in the surf and looked. Thats when the thing came up out of the piss tail end him. curtly it was just there, looming behind jam. I precious to yell, but I was so afraid. The thing, it hit jam with something, maybe a rock, and he shake off forward into the piddle. and so I screamed for all I was worth, but Im not sure they even comprehend me over the fraudulent scheme of the wind and the surf.The man took one of crowds arms, the thing the other, and they swam to the whale with James in tow. consequently, Clay, as macabre as this sounds, this is what happened That whale furled over, and they stuffed James into it, back by the genital slit, I think. therefore they both crawled into it as well. Then the whale kicked its tail until it was in deeper water and swam away. I never saw my economise again. The out of date Broad took Clays hand and squeezed it. I blaspheme to you, thats how it happened, Clay.Clay didnt know what to say. everyplace the years shed said a lot of daft-sounding stuff, but this was the mother of all crazy stuff. withal she was more serious than hed ever seen her. It didnt matter what he believed there was only one thing to say to her. I believe you, Elizabeth.Thats why, Clay. Thats why Ive helped finance you over the years, its why Ive watched the channel all these years, its why I own two farming right near the water, yet Ive lived up-country for all these years.I dont understand, Elizabeth.They came back, Clay. That night the whale came back, and the thing came back to the beach, but I hid. They came back for me. The adjoining day I didnt even go back to the boat. I hiked my way to the pineapple orchard and got help there. They brought me back to Lahaina on one of their big freighters. I havent been on the water since. The close together(predicate) I ever go near the water is when theres an egress at the sanctuary, and then there are a lot of people around.Clay thought about the Japanese soldier theyd entrap on a peaceful island whod been conceal from the Americans for twenty years after the war was over. Elizabeth Robinson had seemingly been concealment from something that wasnt aspect for her. Didnt you tell anyone? sure the navy would have valued to find out what happened to one of their lift out asdic men.They asked. I told them. They push aside it. They said James went melted at night, he drowned, and I was drunk. They sent some men over there, and so did the Maui police. They make up the boat, still on the beach, with everything in working(a) order. They open our camp, and they install an forsake nursing bottle of rum. That was the end of it.why didnt you ever tell me? Or Nate?I valued you to keep doing the work that you do. Meanwhile, I unploughed watching. I read all the scientific journals, too, you kno w. I look for anything that might make sense of it. go in with me.She got up and went into her house, Clay and Kona succeeding(a) without a word. In the bedroom she opened a true cedar titty and took out a large scrapbook. She laid it on the bed and flipped it open to the last page. It was Nates obituary.Nathan was one of the high hat in the field, and that bantam girl said that a whale ate him. Then she disappeared at sea. She flipped a page. cardinal years ago this Dr. Gerard Ryder disappeared at sea, also canvass whale calls at the time, although blue whales. She flipped some other page. This fellow, a Russian asdic skilled who defected to England, disappeared off Cornwall in 1973. They said it was likely KGB.Well, it believably was KGB. Im sorry, Elizabeth, but each of these incidents seems to have a abruptly normal explanation, and they happen over such a long period of time in different places. I dont see what the tie is.Its subaqueous sound, Clay. And theyre not normal. on the whole these men, including my James, were experts at listening to the ocean. nevertheless so, are you formula that individual has prepare whales? That creatures have been abduct sonar guys and shoving them up whales bums?Dont be crude, Clay. You came to me because you cherished help, Im trying to give it to you. I dont know who they are, but what youve told me about there being talk of the town to incomprehensible in the whale birdsong it just confirms in my mind that they took Nate, and James, and all these other people. Thats all I know. Im grievous you that Im sure that Nate is alive, too. Its another piece to the puzzle.Clay sat down on the bed next to the scrapbook. on that point were articles from scientific journals on electric fan biology, on underwater acoustics, news items about whale strandings, some that didnt seem committed at all. It was the search channel of someone who didnt know what she was flavour for. Hed gone so long opinion of her as crazy that hed never given her credit for how sexual she really was. He was realizing only now what had been whimsical her. He felt like a shit.Elizabeth, what about the call about the organize? What about the crystals and the whales talking to you all of that? I dont understand.I did get the call, Clay. And as for the other, I have dreams of the whales talking to me, and I accept attention to them. litre years of searching, I take clues where I can get them. granted what I was looking for, I thought magic and prophecy as sound a regularity as any slam in the search.See, Kona said, I told you. attainment you dont know? Magic.I guess I was clay sculpture my reliance around carelessly, I just hope I didnt do something awful.Nah, old Auntie, Jahs love on ye anyway, even if youre trampin around your religion like a ho.Kona, unsympathetic up, Clay said. What do you mean, you might have make something awful, Elizabeth?She picked up the scrapbook, closed it, the n sat down on the bed next to Clay and hung her head. A pull dripped down onto the black pasteboard cover of the book.When the call came, and the whale said that he treasured a pastrami on rye, I acknowledge the example, Clay. I accept the voice, and I insisted Nathan go out there and take the sandwich with him.It was plausibly a prank, Elizabeth, someone youve met. Nate was going out that day anyway. You didnt cause this.No, you dont understand, Clay. Pastrami on rye was my Jamess favorite. I unceasingly had one delay for him when he came in from submarine duty. The voice on the phone was my James.